GGR 365 – Trade and Globalization – Lectures

Lecture 1 (January 10): Introduction and Concepts
Lecture 2 (January 17): Transportation 1
Lecture 3 (January 24): Transportation 2
Lecture 4 (January 31): Battle of Ideas 1
Lecture 5 (February 7): Battle of Ideas 2
Lecture 6: (February 14): Globalization and Culture
Reading Week (February 21)
Lecture 7 (February 28): Market Liberalization, Sweatshops, Child Labor and Fair Trade 1
Lecture 8 (March 7): Market Liberalization, Sweatshops, Child Labor and Fair Trade 2
Lecture 9 (March 14): Market Liberalization, Sweatshops, Child Labor and Fair Trade 3
Lecture 10 (Mach 21): Global Institutions, Foreign Aid and the Environment 1
Lecture 11 (March 28): Global Institutions, Foreign Aid and the Environment 2
Lecture 12 (April 4): Global Institutions, Foreign Aid and the Environment 3

REQUIRED VIDEOS

Global trends
American Museum of Natural History. 2016. “Human Population through Time.” 

Boudreaux, Don. 2014. “The Hockey Stick of Human Prosperity.” MR University: Every Day Economics. 

Hans Rosling’s 200 Countries, 200 Years, 4 Minutes – The Joy of Stats – BBC Four

Human Progress. 2021. Ten Global Trends Every Smart Person Should Know – YouTube.

Economic Principles
Carden, Art. 2013. “Specialization and Trade: Because We Can’t Be Good At Everything.” LearnLiberty.org.

Marginal Revolution University. 2012. Principles of Economics – Microeconomics : Arguments against International Trade. 

REQUIRED READINGS

Concepts
Library of Congress Business Reference Services. Business & Economics Research Advisor (2012/2004)
Defining Globalization
History of Globalization
Elements of Globalization
Trends in Globalization

Irwin, Douglas A. 2001. “A Brief History of International Trade Policy.” The Library of Economics and Liberty, November 26.

Boudreaux, Don. 2020. “Free Trade in Ten Easy Points.” AIER (February 24).

Fletcher, Ian. 2011. “The Theory That’s Killing America’s Economy – and Why It’s Wrong.” Huffington Post (April 7).

Cass, Oren. 2020. “Comparative Disadvantage.” Law and Liberty (January 15).

Historical perspective
Sanandaji, Nima. 2018. “Markets are as Old as Civilization. The market system was born in Iraq and Syria, not invented by Adam Smith.” @HumanProgress (May 16). 

Ebeling, Richard M. 2004. “The Company of Strangers: A Natural History of Economic Life by Paul Seabright.” The Freeman – Ideas on Liberty, September 1st.

Broadberry, Stephen. 2013. “Accounting for the Great Divergence.” Vox (November 16).

Current controversies
Roser, Max. 2016. “Proof that Life is Getting Better for Humanity, in 5 Charts.” Vox (December 23).

Hammond, Alexander C. R. 2017. “The World’s Poorest People Are Getting Richer Faster.” @HumanProgress (October 27).

Burkeman, Oliver. 2017. “Is the World Really Better than Ever?” The Guardian (July 28). 

Boudry, Maarten and Nick Brown. 2022. “Why Covid Did Not Spell the End of Globalisation.” Aero (April 19).

Sumner, Scott. 2022. “Should we have free trade in a dangerous world?” Econlib (April 12).

Murphy, Jon. 2022. “Does National Security Justify Tariffs?” Econlib (May 7).

In Practice (Case studies)
Steelman, Jacob D. 2003. “Protectionism Didn’t Help Copper.” Ludwig von Mises Institute, August 9.

Dunaeva, Aleksandra, and Don Mathews. 2007. “How the Shrimp Tariff Backfired.” Ludwig von Mises Institute, August 1st.

SUGGESTED READINGS

Concepts
Wikipedia

• “Trade“
• “History of international trade“

Concise Encyclopedia of Economics

• “Free Trade” (Blinder, Alan S.)
• “Protectionism” (Bhagwati, Jagdish)
• “Mercantilism” (LaHaye, Laura)
• “International Trade Agreements” (Irwin, Douglas A.)

Econlib Guides – College Economic Topics

• Comparative Advantage
• Economic Growth
• Division of Labor and Specialization

Kling, Arnold. 2016. Specialization and Trade. A Re-Introduction to Economics. Cato Institute.

Rockwell, Llewellyn H. 2003. “Mercantilism, USA” Ludwig von Mises Institute (July 26).

Findlay, Ronald, and Kevin H. O’Rourke. 2008. “Lessons From the History of Trade and War. ” vox (10 March).

Historical Perspective
My GGR 329 Geography and the Roots of Globalization course webpage contains several links to the pre- and more recent history of globalization.

Cave, Christine. Undated. “Think Everyone Died Young in Ancient Societies? Think Again.” Aeon.

Chanda, Nayan. 2002. “Coming Together: Globalization Means Reconnecting the Human Community.” YaleGlobal (November 19).

Overview and Controversies (Present Time)

• Optimists / Supporters

Roser, Max. 2017. “No Matter what Extreme Poverty Line you Choose, the Share of People Below that Poverty Line has Declined Globally.” Our World in Data – Blog (April 5).

Hughes, Charles. 2017. “We’re Seeing Massive Reductions in Global Poverty. Today, one person escapes extreme poverty every second.” Fee.org (June 19).

Follett, Chelsea. 2017. “5 Charts That Will Shift Your Perspective on Poverty. Is the end of poverty in sight?” Fee.org (March 21).

McMahon, Fred. 2018. “As the World Shifted to Free Markets, Poverty Rates Plummeted.” Fraser Forum (November 13).

Cohen, Patricia. 2011. “Technology Advances; Human Supersize.” The New York Times (April 26).

Kolata, Gina. 2006. “So Big and Healthy Grandpa Wouldn’t Even Know You.” The New York Times (July 30).

Lomborg, Bjørn. 2017. “Oxfam’s Upside Down Inequality Study.” USA Today (January 17).

Horwitz, Steven. 2013. “The Calling: In Defense of Complex, Global, Fast Living.” Future of Freedom Foundation. 

Perry, Mark. 2014. “It’s the Greatest Achievement in Human History, and One you Probably never Heard About.” Carpe Diem Blog (AEI) (November 3). 

Maxmen, Amy. 2016. “The Myth Buster: Hans Rosling is on a Mission to Save the World from Preconceived Ideas.” Nature 540 (7633) : 330-333.

Pinkovskiy, Maxim, and Xavier Sala-i-Martin. 2010. “African Poverty is Falling… Much Faster than You Think.” Vox (December 6).

DeGregori, Thomas R. 2005. “Quietly, Invisibly, Ominously Getting Healthier and Healthier.” HealthFactsAndFears.com (September 30).

Rector, Robert and Rachel Sheffield. 2011. Air Conditioning, Cable TV, and an Xbox: What Is Poverty in the United States Today? Backgrounder #2575, Heritage Foundation (Executive Summary).

• Pessimists / Critics

Jerven, Morton. 2015. “Misunderstanding Growth in Africa: How Economists get it Wrong.” African Arguments (June 9).

Hickel, Jason. 2014. “Exposing the Great ‘Poverty Reduction’ Lie. The UN claims that its Millennium Development Campaign has reduced poverty globally, but some measures show it is worse.” Al Jazeera (August 21).

Oxfam International. 2017. “Just 8 Men Own Same wealth as Half the World.” (January 16).

For Free(r) Trade
Mitchell, Dan. 2018. “7 Reasons to Support Free Trade. The bottom line is that Trump’s protectionism is bad policy. And risky policy.” Fee.org (September 26).

Boudreaux, Don. 2020. “Twelve Principles of International Trade.” American Institute for Economic Research
– Part 4 (January 13, 2021)
– Part 3 (December 28, 2020)
– Part 2 (December 8, 2020)
– Part 1 (December 3, 2020)

Williamson, Kevin. 2021. “Economic Nationalism 2.0.” (February 4).

Hammond, Alexander C.R. 2021. “Africa Tries Free Trade. Liberal ideas are beginning to gain traction on the world’s poorest continent.” Reason (April).

Boyer, Marcel. 2020. “Free Trade and Economic Policies: A Critique of Empirical Reason (The Working Paper Version).” CIRANO Cahier scientifique 2020S-56.

Ikenson, Daniel. 2014. “Enduring Myths that Obscure the Case for Free Trade.” Cato at Liberty (December 1). 

Murray, Ian. 2018. “The Case for Free Trade Restated.” Fee.org (August 20).

Boudreaux, Don. 2020. “Adam Smith’s Alleged “Exceptions” to a Policy of Unilateral Free Trade.” AIER (March 9).

Gregg, Samuel. 2020. “How Economic Nationalism Hurts Nations.” Law and Liberty (January 6).

Henderson, David. 2021. (Hoover Institution)

• A Refresher Course On Free Trade (June 17)
• Dispelling Two Objections to Free Trade (July 1)

Magness, Phil and James R. Harrigan. 2022. “Henry Clay’s “American System” Is Bad News for the American Economy.” AIER (December 8).

Jelloian, Alexander. 2022. “Agricultural Subsidies in Wealthy Countries Hurt African Producers. By artificially lowering commodity prices, subsidies prevent African producers from earning a fair price for their labor.” Human Progress (June 28).

Magness, Phil. 2023. “NatCons, the American System, and the Founders.” AIER (February 22).

Magness, Phil. 2021. “Why I am Not a Neoliberal.” AIER (March 6).

Against Free(r) Trade
Regaining Our Balance – American Compass.

Philipsen, Dirk. 2020. “Economics for the People.” Aeon (October 22).

Economic Helps. 2016. “Arguments against Free Trade.”

Culbertson, John M. 1986. “The Folly of Free Trade.” Harvard Business Review (September).

Fletcher, Ian. 2016 (updated). “Five Years Later, Free Trade Still Doesn’t Work.” Huffington Post (November 17).

Burtka IV, John A. 2022. “Don’t Trade on Me.” American Compass (September 16).

Ellis, Curtis. 2023. “An American System for America Prosperity.” American Greatness (March 18).

SUGGESTED LINKS

The Global Policy Forum on Globalization

The Global Transformations website

Marginal Revolution (MR) University on international trade 

American Compass | The New Conservative Flagship

REQUIRED VIDEOS

Transportation
LECTURE 2

Historical perspective
Around the World in 80 Day (1956 trailer)

USDA, Resettlement Administration. 1937. “Loading Cotton Bales On Steam Boat.”

[Cultural interlude, optional]
“Ol’ Man River” from Showboat (1936) sung by Paul Robeson (A 20th Century classic hinting at what the logistics industry looked like in the late 19th Century.)

Song of the Volga Boatmen (Leonid Kharitonov and The Red Army Choir).

Proud Mary (Live) – Ike & Tina Turner (RAI 1971).

Modern logistics industry
UPS. 2011. We Love Logistics.

PolyMatter. 2018. “How Container Ships Work” (you can skip to 2:15).

Free To Choose Network | Johan Norberg’s New and Improved – The Container (November 17, 2021).

Financial Times. 2013. “Container Shipping. The World in a Box.”

Maersk. 2021. “Round-the-clock operation to deliver pineapples.” (September 24).

Port of Long Beach. 2010. “Pulse of the Port: Refrigerated Containers.”

[Recommended, but optional]
Learn Liberty. 2017. The Most Important Invention you Never Thought About.

FleetMonCom. 2016. “Global ship traffic seen from space – FleetMon Satellite AIS and FleetMon Explorer.”

LECTURE 3

Cargo sail
Decosse, Ben. 2017. “Cargo under Sail.” TedX (December 20).

Vice News. 2017. “The Shipping Industry May Finally Be Turning To Wind Power (HBO).” (October 11).

Anemoi. 2018. Anemoi Rotor Sails – m/v Afros Launch.

Communication
Routley, Nick. 2019. “Wired World: 35 Years of Submarine Cables in One Map.” Visual Capitalist (December 2).

Bloomberg Quicktakes. 2019. “The Undersea Cable That Linked The World.” (April 16).

Varia
Vox. 2018. “China’s Trillion Dollar Plan to Dominate Global Trade.”

REQUIRED READINGS

LECTURE 2

• Transportation

Overview
The History of Transportation

Rodrigue, Jean-Paul. 2013. The Geography of Transport Systems (5th edition) Routledge.
Chapter 1: Transportation and Geography

• Transportation and Space
• The Emergence of Mechanized Transportation Systems
• The Setting of Global Transportation Systems

Ruppenthal, Karl. M. 2015 (revised). “Transportation.” Canadian Encyclopedia.

• History

Land
Follett, Chelsea. 2020. “Centers of Progress, Pt. 9: Rome (Roads).” HumanProgress.org (August 13).

“Medieval Trade Route Networks.”

Staff Writer. Undated. “Inca Roads and Chasquis.” Discover Peru.

• Water

Iphigenia (greekmythology.com)

LECTURE 3

• COVID and Logistics

Earle, Peter C. 2022. “Ocean Shipping’s Effect on Inflation was Negligible.” AIER (December 14).

• Sail Cargo movement

Hoffmeister, Hasso and Uwe Hollenbach. 2022. “More commercial ships utilize wind technologies to cut emissions.” Maritime Impact (February 5).

Designed Conscious. “Sailing Ships Hauling Cargo in 2021.”

De Decker, Kris. 2021. “How to design a sailing ship for the 21st century?” Low-tech Magazine (May).

• Other options

Wikipedia – NS Savannah

Anonymous. 2021. “Samsung to Explore MSR Nuclear Power for Zero Emission Shipping.” The Maritime Executive (June 9).

Smil, Vaclav. 2019. “Electric Container Ships Are a Hard Sail.” IEEE Spectrum (March).

– Modern Logistics Industry
o Overview

Rodrigue, Jean-Paul. 2013. The Geography of Transport Systems (5th edition) Routledge.
Chapter 1: Transportation and Geography

• Transportation and Commercial Geography

Chapter 5 – Transportation Modes

• Transportation Modes, Modal Competition and Modal Shift
• Intermodal Transportation and Containerization

World Shipping Council
– About the Industry (browse)
– Glossary of Industry Terms (browse)
– History of Containerization
* Before Container Shipping
* The Birth of Intermodalism
* Industry Globalization

Rentz, Michael. 2021. “The Supply Chain’s Inconvenient Truth.” Law and Liberty (December 6).

o History of container shipping

Gateway Container. Undated. “A Brief History of Shipping Containers.”

Hammond, Alexander C. 2019. “Heroes of Progress, Pt. 17: Malcom McLean.” HumanProgress.org (May 3).

Wang, Dan. 2016. “An Interview With Marc Levinson, Author of ‘The Box’.” Flexport Blog (March 29).

Hampstead, John Paul. 2017. “Panama Canal Expansion Pits East Coast vs. West Coast.” Freight Waves (November 13).

o The cold chain

99% Invisible. 2015. “The Climate-Controlled Shipping Containers That Transport Our Food Are Called Reefers.” Slate (September 9).

Gill, Vijay. 2013. Fast and Fresh: A Recipe for Canada’s Food Supply Chain.s Conference Board of Canada (Executive Summary).

SUGGESTED READINGS

Transportation
-Overview

On Wikipedia.
– History of Transport
– Outline of Transport
– Trade Route

Canadian Encyclopedia. “Transportation“

Lemieux, Pierre. 2021. “The Supply Chain Myth.” Econlog (November 18).

Hadley, Arthur T. 1881. “TRANSPORTATION, Means of.” In Lalor, John J. (ed) Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy vol. 3.

-Road and land infrastructure

On Wikipedia.

• Land Transport
• Road Transport
• Rail Transport

Encyclopedia Britannica. “Roads and Highways.”

Nam, Jong Kuk. 2016. “The scarsella between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic in the 1400s.” Mediterranean Review 9 (1): 53-75.

Mr Pavement. 2015. “A Brief History of Asphalt.”

Hearfield, John. 2012. Roads in the 18th century.

Sterne, Simon. 1881. ”RAILWAYS, History and Political Economy of.” In Lalor, John J. (ed) Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy vol. 3.

Hadley, Arthur Twining. 1885. Railroad Transportation: Its History and Its Laws. G. P. Putnam’s Sons.

Freightcourse. Undated.

• “Rail vs Truck: Which Mode of Transport is Better?”

-Canada/Ontario

Railroad

• Wikipedia: Canadian National Railway; Canadian Pacific Railway ; James J. Hill
• Marsh, James H. 2015/2006. “Grand Trunk Railway of Canada.” Canadian Encyclopedia
• Toronto Historical Railway Association: Grand Trunk Railway
• CN logo evolution
• The CP logo

Highways

• Wikipedia: Trans-Canada Highway

-River and Maritime Transportation

Historical Overview

On Wikipedia.
– Maritime Transport
– Merchant Ship
– Sailing Ship
– Kyrenia Ship

Anonymous. 1936. “Last Days of Sail. The twentieth century, with its remarkable scientific progress, its desire for speed and its overpowering economic forces, is now seeing the inevitable disappearance of the large sailing vessel.” Shipping Wonders of the World  Vol 2, part 28 (August 18).

Lewandowski, Krzysztof. 2016. “Growth in the Size of Unit Loads and Shipping Containers from Antique to WWI.” Packaging Technology and Science 29 (8-9): 451-478.

Infrastructure

o Cranes

Cargo-Partner. Undated. “History of Cranes”

Freightcourse. Undated. “Port Cranes: Everything You Need to Know”

Plant Planet. 2018. “A Brief History of Cranes”

o Canals
– World

McCulloch. John Ramsey. 1881. “Canals” In Lalor, John J. (ed) Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy volume 1.

Gordon, John Steele. 2014. “100 Years of the Panama Canal.” The American (August 15).

– United States

Rodrigue, Jean-Paul. 2020. The Geography of Transport Systems, 5^th edition. Routledge. “Major Canals Built in the 19th Century, American Northeast.”

US National Park Service. History of the Ohio & Erie Canal.

– Canada

St. Lawrence Seaway

• Wikipedia – Lawrence Seaway; Soo Locks
• Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway System
• Encyclopedia Britannica. St. Lawrence Seaway
• Walker, Nick. 2019. “Celebrating 60 years of the St. Lawrence Seaway.” Canadian Geographic (June 6).

– Ontario

Welland Canal

• Welland Canal
• Welland Canal. History

Rideau Canal

• Rideau Canal
• Rideau Canal Homepage. History of the Rideau Canal
• Parks Canada. Rideau Canal National Historical Site

Trent-Severn Waterway

• Trent–Severn Waterway
• Parks Canada. Trent-Severn Waterway National Historic Site
• Foran, Charles. “Trent-Severn Waterway : The Waterway.” Canadian Geographic (March 1)

Energy transitions
-Overview

Encyclopedia Britannica. Shipping in the 19^th century.

Historic England. 2016/2012. Ships and Boats 1840-1950. English Heritage.

-Sail

Marine Insight

• The History of Ships: Ancient Maritime World

Ancient Ports – Ports Antiques. “Ancient Merchant Ships.”

Royal Museums Greenwich. 2012. “18th century sailing times between the English Channel and the Coast of America: How long did it take?” National Maritime Museum (November 8).

Wikipedia
– Iron-hulled sailing ship
– Pamir (ship)

Apollonio, Spencer (ed). 2001. The Last of the Cape Horners: Firsthand Accounts From the Final Days of the Commercial Tall Ships . Potomac Books.

Video – The Last Cape Horners – The End of the Great Sailing Ship Era (2006) (Background information).

Transition from sail to steam (coal)
-Overview and technical issues

Wikipedia – Coaling (ships)

-Great Lakes

Martin, Jay C. 2018. “Scows, and barges, or other vessels of box model’: Comparative capital investment in the sailing scows of the Great Lakes of North America and in New Zealand.” International Journal of Maritime History 30 (1): 89-105.

Lewis, Walter. 2015. “Transition from Sail to Steam on the Great Lakes in the Nineteenth Century.” The Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord 25 (4) (October): 345-374.

McNamara, James. 2018. “Maritime History Notes: Tug barge units.” American Shipper (August 28).

Larson, John W. 1983. History of Great Lakes Navigation. Navigation History NWS-83-4.

Bowen, Dana Thomas. 1954. “Great Lakes Ships and Shipping.” Minnesota History 34 (1) (Spring): 9-16.

Wikipedia – Consort (nautical); Schooner barge

Galloway, Tori L. et al. Scow Schooners: A Regional Analysis Final Report and Documentation. State Archaeology and Maritime Preservation Final Report: Project Number 2020-002.

Jacobs, Frank. 2022. “Great Lakes shipwrecks: Maps reveal an underwater graveyard.” Big Think (April 7).

-Oceanic voyages

Anonymous. 1895. “The Early History of Ocean Steam Navigation.” Scientific American 73 (25): 392-393 (December).

Smil, Vaclav. 2018. “April 1838: Crossing the Atlantic.” IEEE Spectrum (April): 23.

Shipping Wonders of the World (1936)

• “Last Days of Sail. The twentieth century, with its remarkable scientific progress, its desire for speed and its overpowering economic forces, is now seeing the inevitable disappearance of the large sailing vessel.”  Vol 2, part 28 (August 18).
• “Auxiliary Sailing Vessels.” Vol. 1, part 21 (June 30^th).

Transition from coal to refined petroleum products
Editors (2020/2008). “Petroleum and Sea Power.” American Oil & Gas Historical Society.

Division of Naval Intelligence (US Navy). 1944. “Merchant Ship Shapes” US Government Printing Office.

Smil, Vaclav. 2010. Prime Movers of Globalization: The History and Impact of Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines. MIT Press.
– Review by Nick Schulz, Wall Street Journal (December 1, 2010)
– Review by Mark Reutter, Wilson Quarterly (Winter 2011)
– Review by William Sjostrom, Eh.net (August 2012)

Modern Cargo Shipping
– Overview

Wikipedia
– Cargo ship
– Bulk carrier
– Reefer ships
– Roll-on / Roll-off ship
– Heavy-lift ship

Marine Insight
– What are cargo ships?
– The Ultimate Guide to Ship Sizes

Cruisemapper. 2017. “Largest Container Ships.” (March 16).

Freightcourse. Undated.

• “The 15 Largest Oil Tankers in the World”

– Container shipping

Wikipedia
– Container ship

Discover Containers. Undated.  Shipping Container History: Boxes to Buildings.

Desrochers, Pierre. Review of Marc Levinson’s The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger (Princeton University Press, 2006), Independent Review, vol. 12, no. 1, (Summer 2007), pp. 146-149.

Candela, Rosolino, Peter Jacobsen and Kacey Reeves. 2020. Malcom McLean, Containerization and Entrepreneurship. SSRN.

Nagurney, Anna. 2021. “Opinion: Container ships will keep getting bigger — even after the Ever Given becoming stuck in the Suez Canal.” Market Watch (April 5).

Corbett, James J. 2008. The Impacts of Globalisation on International Maritime Transport Activity. OECD and ITF.

Cudahy, Brian J. 2006. “The Containership Revolution. Malcom MacLean’s 1956 Innovation Goes Global.” TR News (The Transportation Research Board of the U.S. National Academies of Sciences) (September-October): 5-9.

Freightcourse. Undated.

• “Sea Freight”
• “Who Owns Shipping Containers”
• “How to Clean Shipping Containers”

-Geopolitics
Bailey, Rob and and Laura Wellesley. 2017. Chokepoints and Vulnerabilities in Global Food Trade. Chatham House (Key Findings and Recommendations).

Rodrigue, Jean-Paul. 2013. The Geography of Transport Systems (5th edition) Routledge.
Chapter 11: Applications and Case Studies

• International Oil Transportation

-COVID 19 and transportation
Logistics Insights. 2020. “4 Big Logistics Challenges of COVID-19 – and How to Overcome Them.” (August 18).

IFC. 2020. The Impact of COVID-19 on Logistics. World Bank.

Kamall, Syad. 2020. Freight Expectations. Post-pandemic prospects for global trade. IEA.

Earle, Peter C. 2021. “An Armor Conspired: the Global Shipping Freeze.” American Institute for Economic Research (October 2).

The Sail Cargo Movement
– Overview
Almendral, Aurora. 2021. “Can Massive Cargo Ships Use Wind to Go Green?” New York Times (June 24).

Cutcher, Nicola. 2019. “Winds of Change: The sailing ships cleaning up sea transport.” The Guardian (October 23).

Melotti, Robert. 2018. “Trading under sail – could you make a living from transporting cargo on board?” PBO Magazine (February 21).

De Beukalaer, Christiaan. 2023. Trade winds: A voyage to a sustainable future for shipping. Manchester University Press.

– Rationale
Crossland, David. 2013. “Wind set fair for sail power’s return. As operating costs continue to soar and the pressure on the cargo shipping industry to curb carbon dioxide emissions intensifies, a more gentle alternative to dirty fossil fuel looks increasingly attractive.” National News (Business) (March 13).

IMO 2020. Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships. Fourth IMO GHG Study 2020 – Final report.

De Beukelaer, Christiaan. 2022. “Tack to the future: is wind propulsion an ecomodernist or degrowth way to decarbonise maritime cargo transport?” Climate Policy 22 (3): 310-319.

De Beukelaer, Christiaan. 2020. “Sail cargo: Charting a new path for emission-free shipping?” UNCTAD Transport and Trade Facilitation Newsletter N°88, article 65 (November 5).

Steavenson, Wendell. 2022. “‘It’s a little bit of utopia’: the dream of replacing container ships with sailing boats.” The Guardian (July 14).

Towey, Hannah. 2022. “How a Canadian coffee roaster is replacing container ships with sailboats to decarbonize its supply chain — and cutting costs in the process.” Insider (August 22).

Willner, Andrew. 2021. “New age of sail looks to slash massive maritime carbon emissions.” Mongabay (March 15).

Stone, Maddie. 2021. “The shipping industry faces a climate crisis reckoning – will it decarbonize?” The Guardian (November 12).

Peters, Adele. 2019 “Cargo ships are big polluters. can they go back to using sails?” Fast Company (July 16).

Jensen, Fred. 2015. “Updating the Sailing Cargo Ship.” Machine Design (February 12).

Spross, Jeff. 2019. “Why cargo ships might (literally) sail the high seas again.” The Week (February 26).

Associated Press. 2018. “Sails make a comeback as shipping tries to go green. ‘Rotor sails’ can replace up to half a ship’s engine propulsion on a windy day, Norsepower says.” CBC (December 6).

International Maritime Organization. Greenhouse Gas Emissions.

Flannery, Jim. 2015. “Sail freight experiences a rebirth.” Soundings (August 20).

De Beukaler, Christiann. 2018. “Plain Sailing: How traditional methods could deliver zero-emission shipping.” The Conversation (May 27).

Wetherall, Tyler. 2021. “Cargo shipping of yore returns to Hudson River Sailing vessel Schooner Apollonia delivers on dream of transporting goods by wind power.” Times-Union (April 22).

Wetherall, Tyler. 2021. “Cargo shipping of yore returns to Hudson River Sailing vessel Schooner Apollonia delivers on dream of transporting goods by wind power.” Times-Union (April 22). 

– Technologies
Kantharia, Raunek. 2019. “Top 7 Green Ship Concepts Using Wind Energy.” Marine Insight (October 7).

Woods, Steven. 2021. “Sail Freight Revival: Methods Of Calculating Fleet, Labor, And Cargo Needs For Supplying Cities By Sail.” Prescott College (Capstone Project).

Classical (but bonified) approaches
Wikipedia
– Rotor Ship
– Turbosail
– Windmill Ship

Mason, Hannah. 2022/2020. “Modernizing the mechanical rotor sail. Composites are key for Norsepower’s award-winning redesign of a century-old rotor sail for reducing carbon emissions on passenger and cargo ships.” Composites World (July 13)

Anemoine Marine. m/v Afros.

Trauthwein, Greg. 2021. “Sailing Cargo Ship ‘Ceiba’ Comes to Life in the ‘Jungle Shipyard’.” Marine Link Inc. (July 16).

Maritime Executive. 2021. “Large Sail Cargo Project Advances with Canadian Investment.” (November 12).

Timperley, Jocelyn. 2020. “The futuristic cargo ship made of wood.” BBC (Future Planet) (November 17).

New designs and technologies
–Kite

Taft, Molly. 2021. “Giant Kite Will Pull a Ship Across the Ocean Next Month.” Gizmodo (December 17).

-Oceanbird

Doyle, Alison. 2020.  “The Oceanbird: Swedish firm develops largest wind-driven cargo shop.” World Economic Forum (December 17).

Blain, Loz. 2020. “Oceanbird’s huge 80-meter sails reduce cargo shipping emissions by 90%.” New Atlas (September 14).

-Inflatable sails

Lewis, Nell. 2021. “Giant inflatable sails could make shipping greener.” CNN (October 4).

Gallucci, Maria. 2021. “Michelin Puts Puffy Sails on Cargo Ships. The move could boost a vessel’s fuel efficiency by 20 percent.” IEEE Spectrum (June).

Green Car Congress. 2021. Michelin to ship tires on sail-powered cargo ships (February 14).

-BAR technologies

Adjin, Adis. 2022. “Mitsubishi bulker to debut BAR Technologies’ WindWings in 2023.” Splash247.com (June 21).

Actors

International Windship Association

Fairtransport

Sail Cargo Inc.

Timbercoast

Ecoclipper

Anonymous. 2022. “Historic Sailing Ship to Start First North Sea Cargo Service.” The Maritime Executive (January 21).

Haller, Daniel. 2020. “Sail Cargo in the 21st Century.” Eco Clipper (June 9).

Grain de sail

• Gould, Jennifer. 2022. “Eco-warriors ship wine, chocolate across the Atlantic on a sailboat.” New York Post (May 3)
• Hakirevic Prevljak, Naida. 2022. “Grain de Sail orders its next wind-powered freighter.” Offshore Energy (February 15)
• Figaro et AFP. 2021. « Arrivée à Nantes du cargo à voiles «Grain de Sail» après sa première transatlantique. » Le Figaro (February 17)

New Dawn Traders (Fair Trade by sail).

Hurford, Hannah. 2020. Sail Cargo in the 21st Century.

Information and Communication
Wikipedia

• History of Communication
• Electrical Telegraph
• Translatic Telegraphic Cable
• Submarine Communication Cable
• Communications Satellite

Intagliata, Christopher. 2018. “Drumming Beats Speech for Distant Communication.” Scientific American (April 25)

Conference Calls Unlimited. “The History of Communication Technology.”

Nam, Jong Kuk. 2016. “The Scarsella between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic in the 1400s.” Mediterranean Review 9 (1): 53-75.

De Decker, Kris. 2007. « Email in the 18th Century: The optical telegraph.” Low-Tech Magazine.

Hearfield, Johh. The Chappe Semaphore Telegraph.

Madrigal, Alexis, C. 2010. “Before Underwater Internet Cables: The First Submarine Telegraph Line.” The Atlantic (November 30)

Witcher, T. R. 2020. “Perseverance pays off: The Transatlantic Telegraph Cable.” Civil Engineering Magazine (December 1)

Tranfield, M. Wynn. 2018. “Unspooling the Legacy of Submarine Cables.” DTTP  46 (3)

TeleGeography. “Submarine Cable Map.”

Miller, Alex. 2019. “Satellite Communications: A brief history from Sputnik to ViaSat-3.” ViaSat (October 7).

Connors, Joseph, James D. Gwartney and Hugo M. Montesinos. 2020. “The Transportation?Communication Revolution: 50 Years of Dramatic Change in Economic Development.” Cato Journal (Winter).

The following topics will not be discussed this academic year.

The Free Migration Debate
Powell, Ben. 2013. “Immigration Reform — The Time for Free Trade.” Huffington Post (June 16).

Powell, Ben. 2010. “An Economic Case for Immigration.” Library of Economics and Liberty (June 7).

Yglesias, Matthew. 2017 (update). “Immigration Makes America Great. Current policy could be improved, but American progress depends on welcoming foreigners.” Vox (September 3).

Raviv, Shaun. 2013. “If People Could Immigrate Anywhere, Would Poverty Be Eliminated? Some Economists are Pushing for “Open Borders”.” The Atlantic (April 26).

Raviv, Shaun. 2014. “Why ‘Brain Drain’ Can Actually Benefit African Countries. A New Study Reveals that the Farther African Migrants Move, the More they Increase Exports in their Home Countries.” The Atlantic (February 11).

Plants, Livestock and Diseases
Crosby, Alfred W. 2001. “The Columbian Exchange: Plants, Animals, and Disease between the Old and New Worlds.” National Humanities Center.

Tatem, A.J., D.J. Rogers and S.I. Hay. 2006. “Global Transport Networks and Infectious Disease Spread.” Advances in Parasitology 62: 293-343.

Nunn, Nathan and Nancy Qian. 2010. “The Columbian Exchange: A History of Diseases, Food and Ideas.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 24 (2): 163-188.

Findlay, Ronald, and Kevin O’Rourke. 2006. “Mr Columbus’s Economic Bombshell.” BBC History, May, p. 41-43.

Price-Smith, Andrew. 2008. “Risky Trade: Infectious Disease in the Era of Global Trade.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 14 (10).

SUGGESTED LINKS

Transportation and Logistics
Overview
Rodrigue, Jean-Paul. 2020. The Geography of Transport Systems. The spatial organization of transportation and mobility. Routledge.

International Maritime Organization

International Labor Organization – Transport.

Wärtsilä Encyclopedia of Marine and Energy Technology

Chief Makoi – YouTube Channel.

International Transport Forum

One Ocean – Vessel Types Explained

Vessel Finder
International Windship Association

Historical Perspective
Good Roads Movement

Mystic Seaport Museum. 19th Century American Merchant Marine Digital Library

Shipping Wonders of the World

Online Steamboat Museum

MeSEAum (Australia)
– Tug boats

National Museum of the Great Lakes – Great Lakes Museum Toledo, Ohio

World History Encyclopedia

• Carrack
• Caravel
• Galleon
• SS Great Eastern
• SS Great Britain

Modern logistics: Trade Associations and Industry News
International Maritime Organization

Marine Insight

Freightwaves

BBC News – The Box

Clear Seas Centre for Responsible Marine Shipping

Documentaries and TV Shows
Mighty Ships (videos)
– Emma Maersk
– MV Becrux
– MV Paul R. Tregurtha
– MV Fairplayer
– North Star
– Umiak 1

Communication
Time Toast – Telephone timeline

Migration
Open Borders: The Case

Powell, Ben. 2011. “Top Three Myths about Immigration.” LearnLiberty.org.

Powell, Ben. 2015. “Should We Let Them All In? How Immigration Helps the Economy.” LearnLiberty.org.

REQUIRED VIDEOS

LECTURE 4
First hour of The Battle of Ideas, the first episode of The Commanding Heights trilogy (based on the book of the same name). The video is freely available on the PBS Website of the TV series and on YouTube. Please check Episode 1 and look up the transcript menu to help you answer some of the questions. 

Learn Liberty. 2013. “What do Prices Know that you Don’t?“

LECTURE 5
Second hour of thee first episode of The Battle of Ideas. The video is freely available on the PBS Website of the TV series and on YouTube. Please check Episode 1 and look up the transcript menu to help you answer some of the questions.  

Econstories.tv
– Fear the Boom and the Bust (2010)
– Fight of the Century (2011)

Wall Street Journal. 2015. “Bernie Sanders Defines Democratic Socialism.” (November 19).

Velshi & Ruhle. 2018. “What is Democratic Socialism?” (June 28).

Mashable. 2016. “What is Democratic Socialism? | Mashable Explains.”

Bill Whittle. 2017. “Socialism is for Suckers: Venezuela.”

Bill Whittle. 2017. “2. Socialism.”

REQUIRED READINGS

LECTURE 4

Roberts, Russ. 2017. “The Three Blind Spots of Politics.” Medium (June 25).

Older debates
– Socialism and interventionism
Reed, Lawrence. 2021. “The Dark Side of Paradise: A Brief History of America’s Utopian Experiments in Communal Living.” FEE.org (June 13).

Heilbroner, Robert L. “Socialism.” The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics.

Blinder, Alan S. “Keynesian Economics.” The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics.

MacKenzie, Richard. “Industrial Policy.” The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics.

– Free-markets
Rothbard, Murray N. “Free Market.” The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics.

Boettke, Pete. “Austrian Economics.” The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics.

Tupy, Marian L. 2016. “Is Hostility Really at the Root of Capitalism?” CapX (September 2).

Boudreaux, Don. 2020. “The Remarkable Blessings of the Price System.” AIER (May 18).

History
-Overview
Ebeling, Richard. 2018. “Karl Marx and Marxism at Two Hundred.” Fee.org (May 9).

Ridley, Matt. 2017. “A Century of Marxism-Leninism.” The Rational Optimist (January 3).

DeLong, J. Bradford. 1999. “Forests, Trees, and Intellectual Roots…” Review of James Scott’s Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition have Failed.

LECTURE 5
-Socialist/interventionist perspective
George, Susan. 1999. “A Short History of Neoliberalism.” Conference on Economic Sovereignty in a Globalising World, March 24-26.

Metcalf, Stephen. 2017. “Neoliberalism: The Idea that Swallowed the World.” The Guardian (August 18).

Jonathan D. Ostry, Jonathan D., Prakash Loungani, and Davide Furceri. 2016. “Neoliberalism: Oversold?” Finance & Development 53 (2): 38-41.

Clune, Michael. W. 2013. “When Neoliberalism Exploded. Historian Daniel Steadman Jones traces the origins of the right’s fascination with privatization and deregulation.” Salon (March 9).

Lind, Michael. 2022. “The Idiocy of Econ 101.” Compact (June 21).

-Free-market/liberalization perspective
Gregg, Samuel. 2018. “Miracle Men: How Market Liberals Saved Germany from Economic Catastrophe.” Law and Liberty (June 20).

Pirie, Madsen. “Privatization.” The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics.

Poole, Robert W. “Privatization” Concise Encyclopedia of Economics, 2nd edition.

O’Sullivan, John. 2014. “Today’s Tories have forgotten the Need for Hard Thinking.” The Telegraph (June 15).

Tupy, Marian L. 2017. “The Man Behind the Hong Kong Miracle.” CapX (August 18).

Edwards, Lee. 2020. “The Case for Capitalism.” Law & Liberty (Mary 19).

Phelan, John. 2019. “The Three Phases of Socialism.” Fee.org (May 8).

Zitelman, Rainer. 2019. “Why Socialism Is the Failed Idea That Never Dies.” Fee.org (August 31).

Clemens, Jason and Niels Veldhuis. 2022. “It’s reasonable to call Trudeau a modern-day socialist.” Toronto Sun (April 13).

Neo-Fascism
Wess, Kai and Jeffrey Tucker.2017. “It’s Not Just Socialists We Need to Worry About. FEE’s Jeffrey Tucker speaks about his latest book and the pervasive threat to liberty that is right-wing collectivism. on right-wing collectivism.” Fee.org (December 14).

SUGGESTED READINGS

Guide to the literature

Econlib Guides – College Economic Topics

• Economic Systems

THINKERS
Robert Owen
Gunderman, Richard. 2021. “The Failure of a Socialist Dreamer.” Law and Liberty (may 14).

Claude Henri de Rouvroy Comte de Saint-Simon
Abidor, Mitchell. 2021. “Socialism Without Antisemitism.” Tablet (October 15).

Karl Marx
Biography of Karl Marx. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics.

Williamson, Kevin D. 2020. “The Celestial Afterlife of Karl Marx.” National Review (August 6).

Marx Engels Selected Works (Marxists.org).

Singh, Manvir. 2022. “The idea of primitive communism is as seductive as it is wrong.” Aeon (April 19).

Singh, Manvir. 2022. “The idea of primitive communism is as seductive as it is wrong.” Aeon (April 19).

Eugene Richter
Caplan, Bryan. 2016. “The Dystopian Novel that Foresaw the Nightmares of Socialism.” Learn Liberty (October 27).

Eugene Debs
Debs, Eugene V. 1904. Unionism and Socialism: A Plea for Both. Standard Publishing Co.

Ludwig von Mises
Biography of Ludwig Edler Von Mises. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics.

Butler, Eamonn. 2010. Ludwig von Mises – A Primer. London: IEA.

Horwitz, Steven. 2012. “On Human Action. We owe a debt to Ludwig von Mises.” The Freeman (September 13).

An Introduction to the Major Writings of Ludwig von Mises (Online Library of Liberty – Liberty Fund).

Ludwig von Mises books (Mises Institute).

Mises, Ludwig von. 1920. “Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth.”

Mises, Ludwig von. 1951/1922. Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis. Yale University Press.

Boettke, Peter J. 2016. “The Significance of Mises’s “Socialism’.” Fee.org (September 1).

Boudreaux, Donald J. 2021. “The Inevitable Failure of Socialism.” AIER (September 18).

John Maynard Keynes
Biography of John Maynard Keynes. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics.

Mises, Ludwig Edler von. 1951. “The Symptomatic Keynes.” The Freeman, June 18.

Judis, John B. 2009. “A Man for All Seasons – The misunderstood John Maynard Keynes.” The New Republic, February 04.

Keynes, John. 1920. The Economic Consequences of the Peace. Harcourt, Brace, and Howe.

Judis, John B. 2009. “A Man for All Seasons – The misunderstood John Maynard Keynes.” The New Republic, February 04.

Selgin, George. 2022. “The New Deal and Recovery, Part 15: The Keynesian Myth.” Cato at Liberty (March 16).

Wilhelm Röpke
Ebeling, Richard. 2016. “Wilhelm Röpke: The Economist Who Stood Up to Hitler.” Future of Freedom Foundation (March 2).

Gregg, Samuel. 2022. “Wilhelm Röpke’s Civilization of Liberty.” Law and Liberty (January 22).

Gregg, Samuel. 2023. When a Classical Liberal Confronted Nazi Terror Law & Liberty (January 30).

Friedrich Hayek
Biography of Friedrich August Hayek. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics.

Hayek, Friedrich. 2001/1945. The Reader’s Digest Condensed Version of the Road to Serfdom. London: Institute of Economic Affairs.

Boudreaux, Donald J. 2021. “The Enduring Relevance of Mises and Hayek’s Critique of Socialism.” AIER (September 25).

Gregg, Samuel. 2023. “The Life of an Unrepentant Old Whig.” Law and Liberty (January 10).

Milton Friedman and the Chicago School of Economics
FriedmanFacts.com

“The Chicago School of Economics” on the History of Economic Thought Website.

Biography of Milton Friedman. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics.

Ebeling, Richard M., and Sheldon Richman. “Milton Friedman (1912-2006).” The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty, December 2006, Vol. 56 No. 10.

“Free Markets and the End of History.” Interview with Milton Friedman, New Perspectives Quarterly, Volume 23 (1) Winter 2006.

Sahlins, Marshall. 2008. “Institute Will Give the U. of Chicago a Bad Name.” Chronicle.com, August 18.

Sorman, Guy. 2008. “Cheers for Chile’s Chicago Boys.” City Journal, vol. 18, no. 2 (Winter).

Sorman, Guy. 2007. “The Market Revolution.” City Journal, August 24.

Warsh, David. 2008. “The Chicago School (and the Russert Wing).” Economic Principals, June 22.

–. 2008. “University of Chicago Faculty Letter on The Milton Friedman Institute.” naomiklein.org, June 6.

Economist Milton Friedman’s Free to Choose on the web (also on Idea Channel TV)

Interviews on the Charlie Rose Show: Milton Friedman (26-12-2005).

Postmodernism and Intersectionality
Hicks, Stephen C. 2004. Explaining Postmodernism: Skepticism and Socialism from Rousseau to Foucault. Scholargy Publishing.

Ebeling, Richard M. 2018. “Collectivism’s Progress: From Marxism to Race and Gender Intersectionality.” FFF Articles (March 19).

Philipp, Joshua. 2018 (update). “Jordan Peterson Exposes the Postmodernist Agenda. Communist principles in postmodernism were spread under the guise of identity politics.” The Epoch Times (June 4).

Thomas Piketty
—. 2014. “Thomas Piketty’s “Capital”, Summarised in Four Paragraphs.” The Economist Explains (May 4).

McCloskey, Deirdre. 2015. “How Piketty Misses the Point.” Cato Policy Report (July/August).

McManus, Matt. 2020. “Thomas Piketty’s “Capitalism and Ideology.” Book Review.” Areo (May 14).

Comments
Critics of free-market economics
Solow, Robert M. 2012. “Hayek, Friedman, and the Illusions of Conservative Economics.” The New Republic, November 16 (comments on this piece by Tyler Cowen).

Larner, Jesse. 2008. “Who’s Afraid of Friedrich Hayek? The Obvious Truths and Mystical Fallacies of a Hero of the Right.” Dissent Magazine, Winter.

Supporters of free-markets
Carlton, Chris. 2021. “How the Progressives Conquered Corporate America.” Mises Wire (February 5).

Jones, Daniel G. 2017. “Capitalism’s Gotta Go.” American Thinker (December 27).

Perry, Mark J. 2018. “‘Why Socialism Failed: A 2018 Update,’ Part I.” AEIdeas (August 21).

Mitchell, Dan. 2016. “Free Markets and Small Government vs. Redistributionism and State Planning.” International Liberty (July 19).

Mitchell, Dan. 2018. “Most Socialists Can’t Even Define Their Own Ideology. Claims that “socialism is freedom” sound bizarre. Because they are.” Fee.org (September 21).

Mitchell, Dan. 2019. “The Battle Isn’t Right vs. Left. It’s Statism vs. Individualism – Foundation for Economic Education” FEE.org (April 6)

Mitchell, Dan. 2019. Nazis, Communists, Fascists, Socialists, and other Flavors of Collectivism and Authoritarianism (March 26)

Gregg, Samuel. 2021. “Industrial Policy Mythology Confronts Economic Reality .” Law and Liberty (September 3).

Winston, Alexander. 1971. “Utopia: Dream into Nightmare.” The William Feather Magazine (November).

Niemietz, Kristian. 2017. “Socialism – not Oil Prices – is to Blame for Venezuela’s Woes.” CapX (August 16).

Ebeling, Richard M. “Paul Leroy-Beaulieu: A Warning Voice About the Socialist Tragedy to Come.” Future of Freedom Foundation (January 29).

Substantial Pieces
Berger, Suzanne. 2000. “Globalization and Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 3: 43-62.

Milner, Helen V. 1999. “The Political Economy of International Trade.” Annual Review of Political Science 2: 91-114.

Places and Movements
– Vienna
—. 2016. “City of the Century: How Vienna Produced Ideas that Shaped the West.” The Economist (December 24).

Dekker, Irwin. 2016. “How Viennese Culture Shaped Austrian Economics.” Fee.org (July 31).

– Mont Pelerin Society
Hoover Institution. 2020. The Mont Pelerin Society. From the Past to the Future: Ideas and Actions for a Free Society.

Ebeling, Richard M. 2022. “In the Beginning: The Mont Pelerin Society, 1947.” Future of Freedom Foundation (May 1).

– Russia/Soviet Union
Rassin, Boris. 2022. “The seductive beauty of classroom socialism is a sham—Lessons from a former Soviet citizen.” The Hub (February 23).

Spliet, Bas. 2022. “Socialist Economies Are Impossible: Lessons from Russia, 1917–22.” Mises Wire (February 15).

Ebeling, Richard M. 2021. “Socialism-in-Practice Was a Nightmare, Not Utopia.” AIER (February 23).

Young, Cathy. 2021. “Yes, It Was An ‘Evil Empire.’ Nearly every form of Soviet nostalgia gets the facts wrong.” Reason (2021).

– United States
Flynn, Daniel J. 2008. “The Right Gifts.” City Journal, 12 December.

– United Kingdom
Pirie, Madsen. 2013. “Ten Myths about Margaret Thatcher.” Adamd Smith Institute (April 15).

Reed, Lawrence R. 2020. “Margaret Thatcher on Socialism: 20 of Her Best Quotes.” Fee.org (February 8).

– Germany
Henderson, David R. “The German Economic Miracle.” The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics.

Reed, Lawrence W. 2015. “Ludwig Erhard: Architect of a Miracle.” Fee.org (May 7).

Ebeling, Richard. M. 2016. “Wilhelm Röpke: The Economist Who Stood Up to Hitler.” Future of Freedom Foundation (March 2).

Innset. Ola. 2017. Reinventing Liberalism Early Neoliberalism in Context, 1920 – 1947. European University Institute (PhD Thesis).

– Latin America
Piñera, José. 2003. “How Chile was Saved.” The Objectivist Center, September 1.

Kaiser, Axel. 2020. “The Fall of Chile.” Cato Journal (Fall).

Thomson, Andrés Figueredo. 2021. “How Socialism Wiped Out Venezuela’s Spectacular Oil Wealth. Venezuela has the world’s largest proven oil reserves. It’s out of gasoline.” Reason (February 1).

– Asia
Powell, Benjamin. 2004. “State Development Planning: Did it Create an East Asian Miracle?” Independent Institute, Septermber 28.

– Fascism
Cohen, Lynne. 2022. “Left-Wing Fascism and its War Against Conservatives.” C2C (January 5).

Recent History
– World Events
Hammes, David and Douglas Wills, “Black Gold: The End of Bretton Woods and the Oil-Price Shocks of the 1970s.” The Independent Review 9 (Spring 2005): 501-11.

Lasswell, Mark. 2005. “Investing in Ideas – How John Olin and William Simon helped create the conservative counterintelligentsia.” The Wall Street Journal, December 28.

– Wage and Price Controls
Henderson, David. 2023. “Saying No (Again) To Wage and Price Controls. Recent commentary threatens to revive a discredited idea.” Defining Ideas (Hoover Institution) (February 2).

Recent authors and ideological debates
Naomi Klein
—. 2008. “Naomi Klein: ‘We can’t lose this moment’” Rabble.ca (December 12).

– Klein’s writings
Journalist and activist Naomi Klein’s website

“The Shock Doctrine.” Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Kein, Naomi. 2008. “One Year After the Publication of The Shock Doctrine, A Response to the Attacks.” NaomiKlein.org, September 2.

Klein, Naomi. 2008. “Why the Right Loves a Disaster.” Naomiklein.org (January 27).

– Interviews
Renegade Pictures / Revolution Films. 2009. The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. (Video)

Interviews on the Charlie Rose Show: Naomi Klein (02-01-2008).

– Reviews of Klein’s writings
Chait, Jonathan. 2008. “Dead Left.” The New Republic, July 30.

MacFarquhar, Larissa. 2008. “Outside Agitator – Naomi Klein and the New New Left.” The New Yorker, December 8.

Stromberg, Joseph. 2008. “Review of The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism by Naomi Klein.” The Freeman, vol. 58, no. 8 (October): 43-44.

– Critics
Boaz, David. 2009. “Obama’s shock doctrine – On the economy, Obama is trying to scare the American people in order to ram through a progressive agenda.” guardian.co.uk, February 12.

Carden, Art. forthcoming. 2009. “Shock and Awe: Institutional Change, Neoliberalism, and Disaster Capitalism.” Journal of Lutheran Ethics 9 (6).

Heath, Joseph. 2014. “Bad Arguments against Capitalism, vol. 1.” In Due Course (November 22).

Brennan, Jason. 2011. “Dear Left: Corporatism Is Your Fault.” Bleeding Heart Libertarians (November 29).

Naomi Klein Vs Johan Norberg
Kein, Naomi. 2008. “One Year After the Publication of The Shock Doctrine, A Response to the Attacks.” NaomiKlein.org, September 2.

“Johan Norberg Vs. Naomi Klein and The Shock Doctrine.” Reason TV, September 29, 2008.

Boaz, David. 2008. “Johan Norberg vs. Naomi Klein, Round 3.” Cato-at-liberty, September 5.

Norberg, Johan. 2008. “Defaming Milton Friedman.” Reason Online, October.

Norberg, Johan. 2008. “The Klein Doctrine – The Rise of Disaster Polemics.” Cato Institute Briefing Papers, No. 102, May 14.

Norberg, Johan. 2008. “Three Days after Klein’s Response, Another Attack.” Cato.org (September 4).

– On Democratic Socialism
Supporters
Meyerson, Harold. 2019. “Why Michael Harrington Matters.” Jacobin (July 31).

Schwartz, Joseph and Jason Schulman. 2012. “Toward Freedom: Democratic Socialist Theory and Practice.” DSA (December 21).

Democratic Socialists of America. “What is Democratic Socialism?“

Gude, Shawn. 2018. “Democratic Socialism Is About Democracy.” Jacobin (July 25).

Day, Meagan. 2018. “Democratic Socialism, Explained by a Democratic Socialist. It’s not just New Deal Liberalism.” Vox (August 1).

Haltiwanger, John. 2020. “Here’s the Difference Between a ‘Socialist’ and a ‘Democratic Socialist’.” Business Insider (June 28).

Critics
Ingemarson, Anders. 2018. “How ‘Democratic Socialism’ Wreaked Havoc On My Native Sweden.” The Federalist (September 5).

Anderson, William L. 2018. “The Key Word in ‘Democratic Socialism’ is ‘Socialism’.” Mises Wire (August 8).

Harwood Economic Review, Volume 2, Issue 3 (Fall 2018) (Socialism Issue).

Mueller, Antony. 2018. “4 Reasons Why Socialism Fails.” Mises Wire (September 10).

Baker, Hunter. 2019. “9 Big Questions About Democratic Socialism.” Fee.org (February 10).

Kovnick, Michael (Free the People)

1. Democratic Socialism Is Nothing New, and Nothing Gentle (freethepeople.org) (March 8, 2021)
2. Democratic Socialism Is Nothing New—Part 2: Healthcare (freethepeople.org) (March 29, 2021)
3. Democratic Socialism Is Nothing New—Part 3: Central Planning (freethepeople.org) (April 30, 2021)
4. Democratic Socialism Is Nothing New—Part 4: Immigration (freethepeople.org) (May 26, 2021)

SUGGESTED LINKS

Liberty.me Library – Free the People

The History of Economic Thought Website.

McMaster Archive of the History of Economic Thought.

The Road to Serfdom, the movie.

The Mont Pelerin Society

OLL Guide to Socialism

Professor Stefan Kolev’s (University of Applied Sciences Zwickau) Google Page (History of Thought – ordoliberalism, Mont Pelerin Society and related topics).

Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). 2008. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Cato Institute and SAGE.

Dr Kristian Niemietz: Socialism: The Failed Idea That Never Dies | The Human Progress Podcast Ep. 26 – YouTube

Dr. Kristian Niemietz: The Human Progress Podcast Ep. 26 Transcript – HumanProgress

Naomi Klein
Naomi Klein “The Shock Doctrine” & “No Logo” interview

–Milton Friedman debates Naomi Klein
Milton Friedman Debates Naomi Klein

Milton Friedman Debates Naomi Klein Part 2

Taylor & Francis freely available research on Millenium Development Goals.

SUGGESTED VIDEOS

• Supplement to The Commanding Heights

“Jerusalem, the Anthem, with simultaneous lyrics.”

F.A. Hayek Interviewed By John O’Sullivan

Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation channel

Capitalism Vs Communism (old cartoon)

Cato Institute Policy Forum. 2016. “Socialism and Human Nature” (September 14)

• Naomi Klein vs Johan Norberg

2009. The Shock Doctrine (Watch the video documentary here)

Globalisation is Good by Johan Norberg (2003) (Watch it here)

The Nation. 2007. “Naomi Klein: Disaster Capitalism.”

PBS Foreign Exchange. 2008. “The Real News: Naomi Klein.”

Reason TV. 2008. “Johan Norberg Vs Naomi Klein and the Shock Doctrine.”

REQUIRED VIDEOS

Biomimicry (or copying from nature)
Biomimicry Institute. “What is Biomimicry?” 

Vox. 2017. “The World is Poorly Designed. But Copying Nature Helps.” (Facebook link).

Diffusion of religions
Business Insider. 2015. “Animated Map Shows how Religion Spread around the World.”

Musical inspiration
The Story of “Break on Through” by the Doors

The House of the Rising Sun trough History (1933-2016). 

The Irish Rovers, Whiskey in the Jar (w/ lyrics).

Ray Manzarek & Robby Krieger – Light My Fire (The Doors) | The Story Behind The Song.

Movies and TV
The Art of Film. 2019. “How Quentin Tarantino Steals From Other Movies.” 

Netflix. 2022. Wednesday Addams | Dance Scene (Jenna Ortega breaks down inspiration for her Wednesday dance scene).

Cultural Appropriation Debate
Ramsey, Franchesca. 2015. “The 7 Most Commonly Believed Myths About Cultural Appropriation – Busted.” MTV Decoded (December 6). 

CBC. 2016. “Cultural Appropriation vs Appreciation” (October 27).

Rebel Media. 2017. “UN Set to Outlaw “Cultural Appropriation.” (June 14).

REQUIRED READINGS

Historical Perspective
Overview
Davies, Stephen. 2007. “Our Economic Past ~ Trade and Diversity.” The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty (May).

Boudreaux, Don. 2010. “Free Trade and Globalization: More than ‘Just Stuff’.” Library of Economics and Liberty (November 1).

Follett, Chelsea. 2020. “Centers of Progress, Pt. 10: Chang’an (Trade).” HumanProgress.org (August 27).

Tearle, Oliver. 2021. “The Meaning and Origin of ‘Immature Poets Imitate; Mature Poets Steal.’ Interesting Literature (April).

Food and Drinks
– Indian Cuisine
Dutta, Nayantara. 2020. “Reclaiming Indian Food from the White Gaze.” Eater (June 30).

Ladage, Rutu. 2014. “The Heartbreaking Truth About Indian Foods That Are Not Indian at All.” India Times (September 12).

Sonnad, Nikhil. 2018. “Tea if by Sea, Cha if by Land: Why the World only has Two Words for Tea.” Quartz (January 11).

Sampathkumar, Yasaswini. 2019. “The Surprising Truth about Indian Food. Many of the most famous ingredients used to make typical ‘Indian’ cuisine aren’t actually native to India.” BBC.com (June 10).

– Whiskey / Whisky
Trowbridge Filippone, Peggy. 2019. “What Is Whiskey? Production, Types, and Recipes.” The Spruce Eats (July 21).

Todd + Diane. 2018. “Simple Guide to Types of Whisk(e)y: Bourbon, Scotch, Rye.” White on Rice Couple (December 28).

Whiskey Muse. 2016. “Japanese Whisky 101: The Complete Beginner’s Guide.”

Nosowitz, Dan. 2020. “Why the World Overlooked Canadian Whisky. A preference for blending put the Great White North on the wrong side of industry standards.” Gastro Obscura (March 23).

Arts
– Whiskey in the Jar
Wikipedia. “Whiskey in the Jar.”

O’Dowd, Niall. 2020. “The Amazing Origins of “Whiskey in the Jar” One of the Best-loved Irish Ballads.” Irish Central (December 21).

The Lip Weasels. 2017. “Whiskey in the Jar.”

– Movies and Television
PBS. 2009. “King Lear: Adaptations in Film” Great Performances (March 25)

West, Patrick. 2015. “The Secret to Star Wars’ Success? Unoriginality.” Spiked! (December 18).

The Cultural Appropriation Controversy
-Overview
Cambridge Dictionary. “Cultural Appropriation.”

Estrada, Meera Solanki. 2017. “The Fine Line Between Cultural Appropriation And Appreciation.” Huffington Post Canada (June 28).

Wikipedia – Cultural Appropriation.

-Cultural appropriation is bad
Johnson, Maisha. 2015. “What’s Wrong with Cultural Appropriation? These 9 Answers Reveal Its Harm.” Everyday Feminism (June 14).

Ratchford, Sarah. 2015. “Is Western Yoga Cultural Appropriation? Yes, but That Doesn’t Mean White People Can’t Practice It.” Vice (November 25).

Jaschik, Scott. 2017. “Dispute on Cultural Appropriation Leads to Assault Charges. Hampshire students accused of attacking Central Maine Community College students over braids in their hair.” Inside Higher Education (March 20).

-Cultural appropriation is good
Holdsworth, Candace. 2018. “What’s so Bad about “Cultural Appropriation’?” Spiked! (March 16).

Kay, Jonathan. 2017. “Making a Stand for Cultural Universalism.” Quillette (December 8).

Milke, Mark. 2018. “Another Name for Cultural Appropriation: Sharing.” C2C Journal (June 15). 

Kling, Arnold. 2018. “Let’s Celebrate Cultural Appropriation in Dance.” Medium (February 9).

Whelan, Ella. 2020. “Irish dancing isn’t just for the Irish.” Spiked (July 22).

Zushi, Yo. 2015. “In Defence of Cultural Appropriation.” New Statesman (October 12).

SUGGESTED videos

Creative Process
– Turn! Turn! Turn! (to everything there is a season)

Professor of Rock. 2021. “2 Legends On The Story Of A #1 Hit From The 60s That Is Over 2000 Years Old.” (October 6).

– The Moth Joke (Norm Macdonald)

Norm Macdonald Explains Moth Joke to Canadian Public Radio (2016).

Moth Joke (2009)

The Story Behind the Moth Joke

Norm Macdonald Explains Moth Joke to Canadian Public Radio (2016)

Conan Tells the Story behind Norm Macdonald’s Moth Joke (2021)

– Cultural Appropriation Controversy

TVO. The Agenda with Steve Paikin. 2016. “The Trouble with Cultural Appropriation.” (October 31).

Rebel Media. 2017. “Will SJWs Complain About “Indigenized” Star Wars Artwork?” (January 6).

L. Studio. 2009. Break It Down: Ray Manzarek (Supplemental clip: “The Story of ‘Light My Fire’ by The Doors“).

SUGGESTED READINGS

General Interest
“Does Globalization Diminish Cultural Diversity?” on The Globalization Website.

Bornon, Julien, & Jacques Delacroix. 2005. “Can Protectionism Ever Be Respectable? A Skeptic’s Case for the Cultural Exception, with Special Reference to French Movies.” The Independent Review, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Winter).

Carden, Art. 2008. “Does Globalization Destroy Culture?” Daily Sun News, July 8. 

Ena, Giacomo F. et al. 2022. ”Population Genetics of the European Roma—A Review.” Genes 13 (11):  2068.

Evans, Stephan. 2003. “Myths of our Time: Globalization”. BBC News, December 23.

Legrain, Philippe. 2003. “Cultural Globalization is Not Americanization.” Chronicles of Higher Education 49 (35), May 9.

Lieber, Robert J. & Ruth E. Weisberg. 2002. “Globalization, Culture, and Identities in Crisis.” International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society 16(2).

Palmer, Tom G. “Globalization and Culture: Homogeneity, Diversity, Identity, Liberty.” Occasional Paper 2, 2004.

Porter, Keith. 2004. “Americanization vs. Globalization.” Global Envision, November 11.

Riding, Alan. 2006. “A French Author’s Singular Take on America’s Pluralistic Cultural Life.” International Herald Tribune, December 27.

Richland, Justin. 2013. “Tribal Culture and Economic Growth.” PERC Report 32 (2).

Tomlison, John. 2003. “Globalization and Cultural Identity.

Vargas Llosa, Alvaro. 2010. “A Nobel Laureate in the Family.” The Independent Institute, October 13.

Balko, Radley. 2003. “Globalization and Culture” Global Policy Forum.

Creativity and Plagiarism
Davenport Adams, William Henry. 1892. ‘Imitators and Plagiarists’, The Gentleman’s Magazine 272 (June): 502-516, 613-628 (famous quote on pages 627-28).

Biomimicry
Schlegel-O’Brien, Kieran. 2022. “Gecko feet-inspired dry adhesive could stick around.” Advanced Science News (February 15).

Hennighausen, Amelia and Eric Roston.2015. “Smart Inventions Inspired by Nature: Biomimicry Companies seeking breakthrough products tend to ignore the greatest invention machine in the universe: life’s more than three-billion-year history of evolution by natural selection.” Bloomberg News (February 23).

Ozin, Geoffrey. 2012. “Nature’s Nanomaterials – To Be or Not to Be Bioinspired?” Advanced Science News (October 31).

Chimeras and other mythical beasts
Burgess, Anika. 2018. “One Artist’s Mission to Illustrate All the World’s Mythical Beasts. Squonks, Lindworms, Dijiangs, and more.” Atlas Obscura (February 21).

Movies and Television
Leiji Matsumoto (1938-2023).

Camp, Brian. 2023. “Tribute to Leiji Matsumoto, Legendary Manga and Anime Pioneer.” Brian Camp’s Film and Anime Blog (February 25).

Elred, Tim. 2013. “Leiji Matsumoto 2010 Interview, Part 3: A Creative Life.” Cosmo DNA (June 29).

Cultural appropriation
– Overview
Wikipedia. Cultural Appropriation.

Kay, Jonathan. “Canada’s Cultural-Appropriation Tempest, Five Years Later.” Quillette (September 20).

– Food
-Overview
McCann, Shana. 2019. “The cultural appropriation of food.” Solid Ground (April 15).

Mohan, Megha. 2017. “Are Food Bloggers Fuelling Racist Stereotypes?” BBC News (March 3).

Zimmerman, Jonathan. 2017. “On ‘Maybellene’ and General Tso’s Chicken.” The Chronicle of Higher Education (March 28).

Kapadia, Jess. 2017. “I Still Don’t Understand The Cultural Appropriation Of Food.” Food Republic (July 7).

-Case Studies
Giusti , Marianna. 2023. “Everything I, an Italian, thought I knew about Italian food is wrong. From panettone to tiramisu, many ‘classics’ are in fact recent inventions, as Alberto Grandi has shown.” Financial Times (March 23).

Miller, H. D. 2022. “Pizza Isn’t Italian. It’s as American as Dixieland Jazz.” An Eccentric Culinary History (January 21).

Laudan, Rachel. 2017. “What’s the True History of Pizza? Consider Argentina.” Rachel Laudan (October 25).

Antani, Vishu and Santosh Mahapatra. 2022. “Evolution of Indian cuisine: a socio-historical review.” Journal of Ethnic Foods 9, Article number: 15.

Sukhadwala, Sejal. 2022. “Strawberry Curry Is a Modern Twist on an Old Tradition. Fruit curries have a sweet and savory history.” Atlas Obscura (May 20).

– Asian Fashion
Wikipedia

• Chinese clothing
• Hanfu
• Cheongsam
• Kimono

Cai, Anna. 2019. “Why I Won’t Wear Hanfu.” Medium (April 8).

Gao, Sally. 2016. “A Brief History of the Cheongsam.” Culture Trip (December 9).

Traditional Chinese Clothing. 2016. “Kimono vs. Hanfu.” (January 12).

Green, Cynthia. 2017. “The Surprising History of the Kimono. The kimono that the world associates with Japan was actually created in the late-nineteenth century as a cultural identifier.” JSTOR Daily (December 8).

– Yoga
BBC Radio 4 (undated). Seriously…, Seriously… – What’s behind the five popular yoga poses loved by the world?

– Indigenous Groups

Canada
Inuit carvings

Wikipedia – James Archibald Houston

Inuit Art Foundation. 1987. “The Discovery of Inuit Art: James A. Houston – Animateur“

Gismondi, Chris. 2022. “Saumik (James Houston): The Qallunaaq who changed Inuit Art” La Guilde (March 20).

Inuits vs Crees
Monkman, Lenard. 2019. “Artists boycott Indigenous Music Awards over cultural appropriation concerns. Boycott spurred by the IMA’s nomination of a non-Inuk artist who performs throat singing.”  CBC News (April 1).

CBC News. 2019. “Inuit artists in Ottawa keeping eye on awards controversy. Artists concerned over nomination of non-Inuk artist who performs throat singing.” (April 9).

Gray, Neil. 2019. “How The Campaign Against Cultural Appropriation Came Back to Haunt Canada’s Indigenous Peoples.” Quillette (April 8).

“Whirling Logs and Swastikas”
Swastika
Wikipedia – Swastika and Western use of the swastika in the early 20th century

Sunder, Kalpana. 2021. “The ancient symbol that was hijacked by evil.” BBC Culture (August 16)

Boissoneault, Lorraine. 2017. “The Man Who Brought the Swastika to Germany, and How the Nazis Stole It. Even after decades, the symbol can’t shake free from its evil associations.” Smithsonian Magazine (April 6)

Wilson, Thomas. 189/1894.  The swastika, the earliest known symbol, and its migrations: with observations on the migration of certain industries in prehistoric times. US National Museum.

Navajo Whirling Log
Messier, Kim and Pat. 2019. “The Use of the Swastika Symbol in American Indian Art.” Kim and Pat Messier’s Blog (August 10)

Sanchez, Hayley. 2018. “Those are sacred Navajo Symbols, Not Swastikas, On That Pueblo Art Collector’s Rug.” CPR News (August 15)

Kane, Rich. 2017. “A group of protesters demanded that a Native American swastika be removed from an SLC market — but were they right?” Salt Lake Tribune (August 29)

Nizhoni Ranch Gallery. “Whirling Logs – Navajo Sacred Symbol”

Collectors’ Guide. “The History of an Ancient Human Symbol. The swastika design goes back thousands of years in human culture.”

– Cultural Appropriation is Bad
Bradford, K. Tempest. 2018. “The Cultural Appropriation Primer.” Writing the Other (August 27).

Avins, Jenni and Quartz. 2015. “The Dos and Don’ts of Cultural Appropriation.” The Atlantic (October 20).

Wilcove, Hannah. 2017. “What You Need to Know About Cultural Appropriation.” Critical Social Justice (October 11).

Bradford, K. Tempest. 2017. “Commentary: Cultural Appropriation Is, In Fact, Indefensible.” NPR.org Code Switch (June 28).

Domise, Andray. 2017. “How Some People are Missing the Point on Cultural Appropriation.” MacLean’s (May 22).

Murphy, Colleen. 2021. “What Is Cultural Appropriation? Here’s Why the Practice Is So Harmful—and How You Can Avoid Doing It. From TikTok to music festivals, cultural appropriation is everywhere.” Health.com (August 20).

Chen, Emily, Edric Huang and Jenny Dorsey. 2021. “Understanding… Cultural Appropriation.” Studio ATAO (February 15).

– Cultural appropriation is unavoidable/good
Patterson, Steve. 2015. “Why Progressives Are Wrong to Argue Against Cultural Appropriation.” Observer (November 11).

Young, Cathy. 2015. “To the new culture cops, everything is appropriation. Their protests ignore history, chill artistic expression and hurt diversity.” Washington Post (August 21).

Brown, T. J. 2016. “A world without cultural appropriation is a world without learning and emulation.” Fee.org (October 31).

Veer, Pierre-Guy. 2017. “Cultural Appropriation Is Intellectual Property on Stilts. When a culture’s ideas don’t get adopted into wider society, they die.” Fee.org (June 29).

Will, George S. 2017. “The Left’s Misguided Obsession with ‘Cultural Appropriation’ on Cultural Appropriation.” The Washington Post (May 12).

Zmirak, John. 2017. “How Really To Stop Cultural Appropriation. If we are going to draw bright lines around cultures, and bar borrowings, let’s get really serious about it and see what happens.” Fee.org (May 29).

Malik, Kenan. 2017 “In Defense of Cultural Appropriation.” New York Times (June 14).

Holiday, Ryan. 2017. “Unpacking the Absurd Logic of Cultural Appropriation-and What It Will Cost Us.” The Observer (July 31).

Weiss, Bari. 2017. “Three Cheers for Cultural Appropriation.” The New York Times (August 30).

Chen, Anna. 2018. “An American woman wearing a Chinese dress is not cultural appropriation.” The Guardian (May 4).

Frum, David. 2018. “Every Culture Appropriates. The question is less whether a dress or an idea is borrowed, than the uses to which it’s then put.” The Atlantic (May 8).

Parvini, Neema. 2018. “Rejecting Progress in the Name of ‘Cultural Appropriation’.” Quillette (August 22).

Van Noord, Jack. 2018. “Commentary: My Nephew Tried to School Me on Cultural Appropriation. It Didn’t End Well.” Chicago Tribune (August 29). 

Scott, Mason. 2019. “The Progressive Case For Cultural Appropriation.” (July 23).

Riggs, Mike. 2023. “Review: In Defense of Cultural Appropriation on The Great British Baking Show. For the first time, The Great British Baking Show’s three best bakers are immigrants to the U.K.” Reason (January 23).

Benjamin Barber vs Tyler Cowen
-Overview
“Summary: Does Globalization Thwart Cultural Diversity?” World Bank.

A debate between Tyler Cowen and Benjamin Barber, Cato Policy Report, May-June 2003.

-Benjamin Barber
Barber, Benjamin. 1992. “Jihad vs McWorld.” The Atlantic. (March).

Barber, Benjamin. 2002. “Beyond Jihad vs McWorld.” The Nation (January 21).

Barber, Benjamin. 2003. “Brave new McWorld.” Los Angeles Times (February 2).

Barber, Benjamin. 2007. “Consumed by Capitalism.” Brookings Institution.

Wikipedia – Jihad vs McWorld.

-Tyler Cowen
Cowen, Tyler. 2005. “The Future of Culture in a Globalised World.” The Sir Ronald Trotter Lecture, New Zealand Business Roundtable.

Caplan, Bryan and Tyler Cowen. 2004. “Do We Underestimate the Benefits of Cultural Competition?” American Economic Review 94 (2): 402-407.

Gillespie, Nick. 2003. “Really Creative Destruction. Economist Tyler Cowen argues for the cultural benefits of globalization.” Reason (August/September).

Cowen, Tyler. 2003. “Globalization and Diversity: Friends or Foes?” Independent Institute, May 27.

Cowen, Tyler. 2003. “Commerce, culture and diversity: some Friedmanesque themes in trade and the arts,” Proceedings, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas (October): 123-136.

SUGGESTED LINKS

General Interest
“Globalization and Culture” on the Global Policy Forum.

Creative Process
Reverb. 2016. “Robby Krieger on the Origin of “Peace Frog” & “Light My Fire.”” (June 17).

Cultural Appropriation (Interviews, Podcasts)
CBC Metro Morning with Matt Galloway. 2017. “Susur Lee on Fusion Food.” (November 6).

Patterson in Pursuit. 2016. The Case for Cultural Appropriation. (Near-verbatim transcript, also posted as an article in the Observer).

Documentaries and TV Shows
Wendover Production. 2022.  How Ocean Shipping Works (And Why It’s Broken)  

Ship Map. 2022 – Global Shipping (with comments)

REQUIRED VIDEOS

Market Liberalization vs Fair Trade
LECTURE 7
W. P. Carey School of Business (Arizona State University). 2010. “What is Supply Chain Management.”

Financial Post staff. 2018. “How Canada’s Controversial Dairy Supply Management System Works.” Financial Post (June 20).

Global News. 2018. “While Ottawa is Fully Supportive of Canada’s Supply Management System, Others Want to Get Rid of It. David Akin Explains Why.” (August 23).

LECTURE 8
Learn Liberty. 2013. Combating Global Poverty with a Cup of Coffee (Colleen Haight) (July 16).

PhD Comics. 2013. How Coffee affects your Brain.

Sweatshops and Child Labor
LECTURE 9
Stossel, John. 2003. “Sweatshops” Give me a Break! (ABC News) (Transcript).

Learn Liberty. 2011. ” The Unbelievable Truth about Sweatshops (Ben Powell).”

Free to Choose Network. 2016. “Dead Wrong with Johan Norberg – Child Labor and Globalization.”

REQUIRED READINGS

LECTURE 7
Free Trade Vs Fair Trade
-Traditional Arguments for Free Trade, revisited
Davies, Antony and James R. Harrigan. 2017.  “How Fair is Fair Trade? We see the “Fair Trade” label on our coffee all the time, but what does it even mean?” Fee.org (November 15).

Mitchell, Dan. 2018. “No, Mr. President, Tariffs Are Not What Made America Great. America grew wealthy not because we had tariffs in place, but because we didn’t have most other taxes and barriers.” International Liberty (August 17).

Klein, Peter G. 2017. “Free trade vs “Free Trade.” Mises Wire (January 23).

Rodrik, Dani. 2017. “It’s Time to Think for Yourself on Free Trade. What economists and populists both get wrong about the international economy.” Foreign Policy (January 27).

Fair Trade
– Overview
–. 2006. “Voting with Your Trolley – Can you really change the world just by buying certain foods?” The Economist (December 7).

Vander Weyer, Martin. 2005. “Can Free Trade be Fair Trade?” New Statesman (February 28).

Booth, Philip and Linda Whetstone. 2007. “Half a Cheer for Fair Trade.” Economics Affairs 27 (2): 29-36.

Raluca Dragusanu, Raluca and Nathan Nunn. 2018. “Does Fair Trade work?” VoxDev (September 2).

LECTURE 8
– Supporters
Tarnoff, Richard. 2004. “Fair Trade vs. Free Trade.” Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives (October).

– Critics
Baobab. 2014. “Not so Fair Trade. Agriculture in Ethiopia and Uganda.” The Economist (May 19).

Chambers, Andrew. 2009. “Not so fair trade.” The Guardian (December 12).

Minogue, Rossa. 2014. “It’s Official: Fairtrade Screws over Labourers.” Spiked! (May 30).

Rohac, Dalibor. 2011. “‘Fair Trade’ Is a Crock.” New York Post (May 13).

Sidwell, Marc. 2008. Unfair Trade. Adam Smith Institute (Executive Summary).

Case study: Coffee
– Supporters
James, Deborah. 2000. “Justice and Java: Coffee in a Fair Trade Market.” NACLA (Sept/Oct).

Singer, Peter. 2006. “Why pay more for fairness?” Webdiary.com.

– Critics
Claar, Victor V. and Colleen E. Haight. 2015. “Fair Trade Coffee: Correspondence.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 29(1): 215-16.

Callahan, Gene. 2008. “Is Fair Trade a Fair Deal?” The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty 58 (2).

Haight, Colleen. 2011. “The Problem with Fair Trade Coffee.” Stanford Social Innovation Review (May 18).

Case Study: Canada – Supply Management
– Overview
Heminthavong, Khamla. 2015. In Brief: Canada’s Supply Management System. Publication No. 2015-138-E. Parliamentary Information and Research Service. Ottawa: Library of Parliament.

– Supporters
Fast, Ed. 2017. “Make it Clear, Prime Minister – Supply Management is Here to Stay.” IPolitics (August 28).

Elton, Sarah and Rod MacRae. 2018. “Don’t Let Supply Management Myths Spoil the Milk.” The Globe & Mail (June 20).

– Opponents
Geloso, Vincent and Alexandre Moreau. 2016. “Supply Management is Literally Driving Tens of Thousands of Canadians into Poverty.” National Post (August 31).

Bernier, Maxime. 2016-17 Leadership Race Platform: Phase Out Supply Management.

Coyne, Andrew. 2018. “We All Pay for Supply Management, but Bernier Pays the Political Price.” National Post (June 13).

Oxley, Alan and Dan Leroy. 2018. “End Supply Management like Aussies.” The Western Producer (August 9).

LECTURE 9
Sweatshops and Child Labor
– Opponents
Bachman, Sarah. 2003. “The (Limited) Case for Boycott Threats, Boycotts, and Selective Purchasing.” Ethics and Economics 1(1) (December).

Edmonds, Eric. 2003. “Should We Boycott Child Labor?” Ethics and Economics 1(1), December.

– Supporters
Powell, Benjamin. 2008. “In defense of ‘Sweatshops’.” Library of Economics and Liberty (June 02).

Follett, Chelsea. 2017. “Student Activists Hurt the Workers They Try to Help.” Intercollegiate Review (Spring).

Blattman, Christopher and Stefan Dercon. 2017. “Everything We Knew about Sweatshops was Wrong.” New York Times (April 27).

Tupy, Marian. 2018. “Growth is the Ultimate Weapon in the Fight to End Child Labour.” CapX (November 13).

Horwitz, Steven. 2016. “We Didn’t Humanize Markets, Markets Humanized Us.” Fee.org (September 8).

SUGGESTED READINGS

Free Trade Vs Fair Trade
-Fair Trade
– Overview
Wikipedia

• “Fair Trade“
• “Fair Trade Debate”

Shoenthal, Amy. 2018. “What exactly is fair trade, and why should we
care?” Forbes (December 24).

Le Mare, Ann. 2008. “The Impact of Fair Trade on Social and Economic Development: A Review of the Literature.” Geography Compass 2/6 (2008): 1922-1942.

Lemieux, Pierre. 2017. The Benefits of Trade. AIMS Policy Paper.

Ridley, Matt. 2017 “Montequieu’s ‘Sweet Commerce” and Cobden’s “God’s Diplomacy.” Rational Optimist (October 6).

Munger, Michael. 2015. ” Comparative Advantage: An Idea Whose Time Has Passed.” Fee.org (December 28).

DeLong, J. Bradford. 2017. “NAFTA and Other Trade Deals have not Gutted American Manufacturing – Period.” Vox (January 24).

– Historical perspective
Doherty, Bob, Iain A. Davies & Sophi Tranchell. 2013. “Where Now for Fair Trade?” Business History 55 (2): 161-189.

– Recent developments
Subramanian, Samanth (2019). “Is fair trade finished?” The Guardian (July 23).

– Substantial pieces
Harris, Jamie. 2021. Social Movement Lessons from the Fair Trade Movement. Sentience Institute (April 1)

Cristina Ribeiro-Duthie, Ana, Fred Gale and Hannah Murphy-Gregoryc. 2021. “Fair trade and staple foods: A systematic review.” Journal of Cleaner Production 279: 123586.

Nunn, Nathan. 2019. “The Economics of Fair Trade.” The Reporter (NBER) no. 2 (June)

Fairtrade International. 2017. The Impact of Fairtrade: A Review of Research Evidence 2009- 2015.

Dragusanu, Raluca, Daniele Giovannucci and Nathan Nunn. 2014. “The Economics of Fair Trade.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 28 (3): 217-36.

Transfair Germany and Max Havelaar Foundation. 2012 Fair Trade Impact Study: Summary of Results.

Raynolds, Laura T. 2012. “Fair Trade: Social regulation in global food markets.” Journal of Rural Studies 28: 276-287.

Nelson, Valerie and Nelson Barry Pound. 2009. The Last Ten Years: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature on the Impact of Fairtrade. Natural Resources Institute (University of Greenwich).

Smith, Alastair M. 2009. “Evaluating the Criticisms of Fair Trade.” Economic Affairs 29 (4): 29-36.

James, Sallie. 2008. “Food Fight.” Center for Trade Policy Studies, Free Trade Bulletin, No. 31, January 31.

Morris, Julian. 2005. “Just Trade: The Moral Imperative of Eliminating Barriers to Trade.” IPN Trade Briefing Papers.

Welford, Richard, Julia Meaton and William Young. 2003. “Fair Trade as a Strategy for International Competitiveness.” International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 10 (1): 1-13.

Yanchus, Dennis, and Xavier de Vanssay. 2003. “The Myth of Fair Prices: A Graphical Analysis.” Journal of Economic Education, Vol. 34, No. 3, Summer, p. 235-240.

– Promoters
Martin, Kasi. 2021. “The Case for Fair Trade is Clearer Than Ever.” Global Retail Brands (March 23)

OXFAM. 2020. The world fair trade organization. Scaling equitable business models.

– Critics
Sylla, Ndongo Samba. Undated. The Fair Trade Scandal. Marketing Poverty to Benefit the Rich. Ohio University Press.

Wydick, Bruce. 2016. “10 Reasons Fair-Trade Coffee Doesn’t Work.” HuffPost (July 8).

Boudreaux, Don. 2007. “Perspective on Trade.” Café Hayek, December 29.

Giberson, Michael. 2005, “Taking Advantage of the Fair Trade Buzz.” Knowledge Problem, December 21.

Callahan, Gene. 2003. “Fair Trade… or Foul?” LewRockwell.Com.

-Case Study: Coffee

“Coffee with a Conscience” CBC Marketplace, February 15, 2000.

Berndt, Colleen E. H. 2007. “Does Fair Trade Coffee Help the Poor? Evidence from Costa Rica and Guatemala.” Mercatus Policy Series, July 2.

Boudreaux, Karol. 2007. “State Power, Entrepreneurship, and Coffee: The Rwandan Experience.” Enterprise Africa, October 31.

Boudreaux, Donald J. & Karol C. Boudreaux. 2007. “Economics in many lessons: A better brew for Rwanda.” Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, November 20.

Henderson, David R. 2008. “Fair Trade is Counter-Productive – and Unfair.” Economic Affairs 28 (3): 62-64.

Howley, Kerry. 2006. “Absolution in your Cup. The Real Meaning of Fair Trade Coffee.” Reason Magazine, March.

La Giorgia, Gian Carlo. 2002. “In Search of a Compassionate Cup.” The Manitoban, September 18.

Levi, Margaret and April Linton. 2003. “Fair Trade: A Cup at a Time?” Politics and Society 31(3): 407-432.

Rogers, Tim. 2004. “Small Coffee Brewers Try to Redefine Fair Trade.” Christian Science Monitor. April 13.

Ross, Oakland. 2002. “A Bitter Brew for Coffee Farmers.” Toronto Star, August 4.

Solomon, Lawrence. 2011. “Fair-trade coffee fix.” National Post, May 13.

Taussig, Doron. 2007. “Drip Grind – Taylor Clark’s weak case against Starbucks.” Washington Monthly, December.

Veeser, Cyrus. 2004. “Review of The Global Coffee Economy in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, 1500-1989.” Edited by William Gervase Clarence-Smith and Steven Topik. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Business History Review, Spring.

Cato Institute Podcast. 2016. “Haitian Coffee Grows on Trees.”

Watkins, Tate. 2017. Haitian Coffee Grows on Trees. Independently published.

-Various entries on the Second Cup Controversy

“Canadian coffee chain under attack.” Catholic New Times, March 21, 2004.

Demanding Fair Trade Coffee at SECOND CUP (Petition)

Fair Trade Coffee Sale (Petition)

Second Cup’s statement on fair trade coffee (CBC)

-Case Study: Canada – Supply Management
Findlay, Martha Hall (with assistance from Margarita Gres). 2012. “Supply Management: Problems, Politics – and Possibilities,” The School of Public Policy, University of Calgary, June 2012.

Hedley, Douglas D. 2015. “The Evolution of Agricultural Support Policy in Canada.” CAES Fellows Paper 2015-1.

Bernier, Maxime. 2018. “My Chapter on Supply Management.” Maximebernier.com (June 5).

Byers-Lane, Brett. 2018. “Inside Policy: It’s Time to Kill Canada’s Sacred Cow – Supply Management.” McDonald-Laurier Institute (July 24).

Hains, Brigid. Undated. “Cows might Fly.” Aeon.

Sweatshops and Child Labor
-Overview and Historical Perspective
“Sweatshop,” on Wikipedia.

Tuttle, Carolyn. 2001. “Child Labor during the British Industrial Revolution.” EH.Net Encyclopedia, August 15.

Babbage, Charles. 1832. On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures. Chapter 1, sections 1-3 and note 3.

Levinson, Mark. 1997. “Economists and Sweatshops.” Dissent, New York: 44 (4): 11-13.

Horwitz, Steven. 2016. “We Didn’t Humanize Markets, Markets Humanized Us.” Fee.org (September 8).

-Substantial Pieces
OECD. 2003. Child Labour: A Review of Policies (available as e-resouce on UofT library website, online resource #215923)

Drusilla K. Brown, Alan V. Deardorff and Robert M. Stern. 2003. The Effects of Multinational Production on Wages and Working Conditions in Developing Countries. NBER Working Paper No.w9669.

-Shorter Pieces
“What You Need to Know About Sweatshops,” on Global Exchange.

Hightower, Jim. 2003. “Going Down the Road.”

Kristof, Nicholas D. and Sheryl Wudunn. 2000. “Two Cheers for Sweatshops.” New York Times Magazine, September 24.

Powell, Benjamin, and David Skarbek. 2005. “Don’t Get Into a Lather Over Sweatshops.” The Christian Science Monitor, August 02.

Powell, Benjamin & David Skarbek. 2005. “Third World Work in the Apparel Industry: No Sweat?” The Independent Institute, June 2.

Samida, Dexter. 2002. “A Child’s Burden: Reducing Child Labour by Increasing Trade.” Fraser Forum, May: 10-11.

Spath, Stefan. 2002. “The Virtues of Sweatshops.” The Freeman, March.

-Others
Edmonds, Eric. 2003. “Should We Boycott Child Labor?” Ethics and Economics 1(1), December.

Kristof, Nicolas D. 2009. “Where Sweatshops Are a Dream.” The New York Times, January 15.

Krugman, Paul. 1997. “In Praise of Cheap Labor.” Slate, March 20.

Levinson, Mark. 1997. “Economists and Sweatshops.” Dissent, New York: 44 (4): 11-13.

SUGGESTED LINKS

Free Trade Vs Fair Trade

Global Exchange on Fair Trade

Fair Trade Federation on Fair Trade

The Fair Trade Research Group at Colorado State University.

The Copenhagen Consensus on Subsidies and Trade Barriers

Black Coffee

Coffee @ nationalgeographic.com

Vanderbilt University Institute For Coffee

University of London (SOAS). Fair Trade, Employment & Poverty Reduction Research 
– Publications 
– Response to Fair Trade statement 

Fair trade Foundation 
– Response to SOAS report 

Fair Trade Initiative

Sweatshops and Child Labor

Eric Edmonds of Darmouth College has written a lot on child labor

Economist Benjamin Powell of Suffolk University has written much on sweatshops

Global exchange against sweatshops

The UNICEF and the International Labour Organization have published several statistics and studies on this topic.

Initiative for Free Trade 

Rare Historical Photos. Child labor in America as photographed by Lewis Hine, 1908-1914

REQUIRED VIDEOS

LECTURE 10

Learn Liberty. 2012. “Why not Print More Money? (Antony Davies)” 

Bill Whittle. 2017. “1. Money“

LECTURE 11

June Arunga on
– NGOs, African Business and Human Resource Diversion
– Western Attitudes Towards Business in Africa

Knopfdoubleday. “Nina Munk’s The Idealist: Jeffrey Sachs and the Quest to End Poverty” (August 19, 2013).

CSPAN2. Book TV: “The Idealist: Jeffrey Sachs and the Quest to End Poverty by Nina Munk” (September-October 2013), 27:00 to 46:00.

Festival of Dangerous Ideas. 2012. “Jane Bussmann Interview ‘Bono and Bob Get Out of Africa’.”

Learn Liberty. 2013. “How to Fight Global Poverty. (Stephen Davies)” 

LECTURE 12

Boudreaux, Don. 2015. “An Orgy of Innovation.” MR University: Everyday Economics.

TED Talks. 2010. Hans Rosling: The Magic Washing Machine. 

Jack Webb Dragnet – The Big Departure Speech (1968).

REQUIRED READINGS

LECTURE 10

Global Institutions
-Historical Perspective
Luther, William J. 2014. Review of “The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order (Princeton University Press, 2013)” by Benn Steil, Independent Review 18 (3) (Winter 2014).

-In their own words
What is the WTO?
– WTO. 2011. Making Globalization Socially Sustainable (Brochure) (Note: Full report and other material available here)

IMF at a Glance
– IMF 2008. Globalization: A Brief Overview

About the World Bank
– WB. Trade and Globalization

What do others think?
– IMF and World Bank
Karlin, Mark. 2007. “Naomi Klein: Shocking the World Bank and IMF Crowd with her Analysis of ‘Disaster Capitalism.” BuzzFlash (October 16).

– IMF
Mitchell, Daniel J. 2021. “The IMF Should Be Eliminated, Not Expanded.” AIER (October 12).

Domitrovic, Brian. 2022. “The IMF’s Colonial Impulse?” Law and Liberty (September 15).

– World Bank
Bovard, James. 2009. “McNamara’s Other Debacle.” LewRockwell.com (July 10).

Bovard, James. 2021. “Raiding the World Bank: Exposing a Fondness for Dictators.” Mises Wire (December 13)

Bate, Roger and Benjamin Schwab. 2004. “McNamara’s Bank.” TCS Daily (July 29). (Note: I have changed the link)

Klein, Naomi. 2007. “The World Bank has the Perfect Standard Bearer.” The Guardian (April 27).

Murray, Iain. 2015. “World Bank Increases Number of Poor.” CEI Blog (September 25).

– WTO
Rockwell, Lew. 2018/2004. “Decentralize Global Trade Policy.” Mises Institute Daily Commentary (January 6; originally published as “Cotton Candy” on April 29, 2004.).

Nader, Ralph and Lori Wallach. “GATT, NAFTA, and the Subversion of the Democratic Process: WTO, The Global Enforcer” (excerpted from the book The Case Against the Global Economy edited by Jerry Mander and Edward Goldsmith, Sierra Club Books, 1997).

Griswold, Dan. 2000. “WTO Critics Trade Away Truth for a Sound Bite.” Cato Institute Commentary (January 2).

Lester, Simon. 2014 “The WTO vs. the TPP.” Cato Institute Commentary (May 2).

LECTURE 11

Foreign Aid
– Overview
Rieff, David. 2010. “Bono Can’t Save The World, Neither Can We.” The New Republic (October 19).

– Generally supportive
Waldrop, M. Mitchell. 2021. “Can science solve the poverty problem? An evidence-based policy movement is arming the fight with tools and programs that are more effective than ever before.” Knowable Magazine (December 10).

– Generally Critical
Ridley, Matt. 2014. “The Tyranny of Experts.” The Rational Optimist (March 21).

Hobbes, Michael. 2014. “Stop Trying to Save the World. Big ideas are Destroying International Development.” New Republic (November 17).

Mitchell, Dan. 2012. “American Politicians Should Learn Some Policy Lessons from Hong Kong and Singapore.” International Liberty (May 19).

Duren, Tirzah. 2018. “Food Aid Feeds Conflict and Dependence. Spending more on aid is only a positive if current programs are working, which they are not.” Fee.org (February 5).

– Jeffrey Sachs and his (recent) critics
Sachs, Jeffrey D. 2013. “The End of Poverty, Soon.” The New York Times (September 24).

Sachs, Jeffrey. 2014. “The Case for Aid.” Foreign Policy (January 21).

Gates, Bill. 2014. “Why Jeffrey Sachs Matters.” Project Syndicate (May 21).

Munk, Nina. 2013. “The Idealist: Jeffrey Sachs and the Quest to End Poverty (Book Excerpts).” Huffington Post.
– Part 1
– Part 2
– Part 3

Starobin, Paul. 2013. “Does It Take a Village.” Foreign Policy (June 24).

Foster, Peter. 2013. “Jeffrey Sachs meets Hayek.” National Post (September 18).

Handy, Bruce. 2013. “Nina Munk on Her New Book: Can ‘Bono’s Africa Guru’ Jeffrey Sachs Truly End Poverty?” Vanity Fair (September 20).

Easterly, William. 2013. “The Big Aid Debate is Over.” Reason (October 4).

– Odious Debt
Probe International on Odious Debts

LECTURE 12

Globalization and the Environment
– Overview
Gallagher, Kevin P. 2009. “Economic Globalization and the Environment.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 34: 279-304.

Tupy, Marian. 2017. “There’s Nothing Green about Socialism.” CapX (December 1).

Johnson, Stephen. 2018. “Scientists to U.N.: To stop climate change, modern capitalism needs to die.” Big Think (August 29). 

Yeatman, William. 2018. “The Myth of the Environmental “Race to the Bottom. Debunking a highly influential regulatory theory.” FEE.org (February 10).

Ives, Eamonn. 2019. “Why Globalisation is Good for the Environment.” CapX (December 1). 

– Case Study: Synthetic Dyes, International Trade and the Environment
Morris, Peter J.T. and Anthony S. Travis. 1992. “A History of the International Dyestuff Industry.” American Dyestuff Reporter 81 (11) (November).

Desrochers, Pierre. 2014. “A Colourful History of Progress: The development of synthetic dyes was a mini industrial revolution.” Spiked! (November 18).

– Concluding Thoughts: COVID and the Global Supply Chain
Kotkin, Joel. 2021. “Confronting the Supply Chain Crisis.” Quillette (October 13).

Taylor, Peter Shawn. 2020. “Our Next Pandemic Policy Mistake: Self-Sufficiency in All Things.” C2C (December 23).

SUGGESTED videos

Poverty Inc – Trailer

Foundation for Economic Foundation. 2015. “Myth Busting African Poverty” (Magatte Wade).

SUGGESTED READINGS

Global Institutions
-Historical Perspective
Luther, William J. 2014. Review of “The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order (Princeton University Press, 2013)” by Benn Steil, Independent Review 18 (3) (Winter 2014).

-In their own words
What is the WTO?
– WTO. 2011. Making Globalization Socially Sustainable (Brochure) (Note: Full report and other material available here)

What is the IMF?
– IMF 2008. Globalization: A Brief Overview

About us (the World Bank).
– WB. Youthink! Issues – Globalization

–Overview
“Aid” on Wikipedia

-Social, Economic and Policy Background
The New Foreign Aid (Los Angeles Times on the money sent back to home countries by migrant workers.)

–, “Millions of children dying needlessly.” BBC News, June 26, 2003.

–, “Poverty” on the Earth Institute’s Website.

Ammann, Melinda. 2005. “Cry the Beloved Continent – Africans are poor because they’re poorly governed.” Reason, July.

Bhandari, Jayant. 2005. “The Polluting State.” The Mises Institute. July 20.

Borders, Max and H. Sterling Burnett. 2006. “Farm Subsidies: Devastating the World’s Poor and the Environment.” National Center for Policy Analysis, Brief Analysis No. 547, March 24.

Bovard, James. 2005. “Bush’s Foreign-Aid Fraud.” LewRockwell.com, October 25.

Glassman, James K. 2005. “Poor Countries, Tear Down this Wall!” Frontier Center for Public Policy. December 09.

Gwartney, James & Robert Lawson. 2002. “Trade Openness, Sound Policies, & Prosperity.” Fraser Forum, May: 8-9.

Ferguson, Niall. 2007. “The Least Among Us.” The New York Times (July 1st).

Institute of Economic Affairs. 2016. The Economics of International Development. (Summary).

“Innovation, Entrepreneurship and the Global Marketplace.” Alexis de Tocqueville Ceremony, Independent Institute, April 21 2004 (Some famous entrepreneurs’ personal take on globalization).

Kasper, Wolfgang. 2006. “Make Poverty History: Tackle Corruption.” Issue Analysis, Centre for Independent Studies, January 26.

Labs, Eric J. 1997. The Role of Foreign Aid in Development. Congressional Budget Office.

Mbeki, Moeletsi. 2005. “Underdevelopment in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of the Private Sector and Political Elites.” Foreign Policy Briefing no. 85, Cato Institute, April 15.

Palda, Filip. 2003. “The High Price of Natural Wealth.” Fraser Forum, January, 30-31.

Parris, Matthew. 2005. “We must all sneer and scoff at the corrupt, cruel jackasses of Africa.” The Sunday Times, July 02.

Williams, Walter. “Self-Inflicted Poverty.” Cato Institute Daily Commentary, July 12, 2004.

Vásquez, Ian. 2005. “Exploiting the Asian Disaster to Increase Foreign Aid.” Cato Institute, January 19.

“Doing Business in 2006: Creating Jobs.” World Bank and International Finance Corporation, 2006.

-Theory and History
Adamson, Michael. 2002. “Social Scientists as Policy Makers.” Review Essay of Charles Kimber Pearce “Rostow, Kennedy, and the Rhetoric of Foreign Aid.” Michigan University Press, 2001. Humane Studies Review 14 (3).

Banerjee, Abhijit Vinayak. 2007. “Inside the Machine – Toward a New Development Economics.” Boston Review, March-April.

Blundell, John et al. 2002. A Tribute to Peter Bauer. London: Institute of Economic Affairs.

Djankov, Simeon, Jose G. Montalvo and Marta Reynal-Querol. “The Curse of Aid.” April 2005.

Haber, Stephen, Douglass C. North, and Barry R. Weingast. 2003. “If Economists Are So Smart, Why Is Africa So Poor?“, Hoover Digest no 4, Fall Issue.

Mary M. Shirley. 2004. “Review of The Institutional Economics of Foreign Aid by Bertin Martens, Uwe Mummert, Peter Murrell, and Paul Seabright, Cambridge University Press, 2002.” The Independent Review 9 (2): 299-302.

Remmer, Karen L. 2004. “Does Foreign Aid Promote the Expansion of Government?” American Journal of Political Science 48(1): 77-92.

Shleifer, Andrei. 2009. “Peter Bauer and the Failure of Foreign Aid.” Cato Journal, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp 379-390.

Vasquez, Ian. 2007. “Peter Bauer: Blazing the Trail of Development.” Econ Journal Watch, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp 197-212.

-Historical Perspective and Recent Developments
Erixon, Fredrik. 2003. “Poverty and Recovery: The History of Aid and Development in East Africa.” Economic Affairs 23 (4): 27-33.

Dichter, Thomas. 2007. “A Second Look at Microfinance: The Sequence of Growth and Credit in Economic History.” Development Briefing Paper no. 1, February 15.

Kling, Arnold. 2006. “The Materialism Fallacy.” TCS Daily – TCS Daily, January 5.

Llosa, Alvaro Vargas. 2005. “Millennium Flop.” The Independent Institute, September 16.

Muzinich, Justin, and Eric Werker. 2008. “A Better Approach To Foreign Aid Private development finance is vital.” Policy Review, June & July.

Webster, Paul. 2006. “It’s The Pneumonia, Stupid.” Toronto Star, February 23.

Perspectives on Foreign Aid
-Supporters
A New Democracy Forum on “Making Aid Work.” Boston Review, July/August 2006.

Chowdhury, Abdur and Paolo Gharona. 2007. “Effective Foreign Aid, Economic Integration and Subsidiarity: Lessons from Europe.” Discussion Paper 2007-2, UNECE.

Special issue on Foreign Aid in the Journal of Development Studies vol. 37, No. 6, August 2001. especially, Hermes, Niels and Robert Lensink. 2001. “Changing the Conditions for Development Aid: A New Paradigm.” Journal of Development Studies 37 (6): 1-16.

Surowiecki, James. 2005. “A Farewell To Alms?” The New Yorker, July 25.

Andrews, Fred. 2013. “A Surprising Case against Foreign Aid (Review of Angus Deaton’s The Great Escape, Princeton University Press, 2013).” The New York Times (October 12).

Bhagwati, Jagdish. 2010. “Review of Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better.” Foreigh Affairs (January/February).

-Critics
Bandow, Doug. 1998. “Foreign Aid, Help or Hindrance?” Freedom Daily, February.

Brea, Jennifer. 2007. “Africans to Bono: ‘For God’s sake please stop!‘” The American, July 3.

Coyne, Christopher. 2008. “With Friends Like These, Who Needs Enemies? Aiding the World’s Worst Dictators.” Working Paper, Mercatus Center at George Mason University, September 24.

Dichter, Thomas. Time to Stop Fooling Ourselves about Foreign Aid. A Practitioner’s View. Cato Institute Foreign Policy Briefing No. 86.

O’Grady, Mary Anastasia. 2008. “The Real Key to Development.” The Wall Street Journal, January 15.

Powell, Benjamin and Matt Ryan. “Does Development Aid Lead To Economic Freedom?” Journal of Private Enterprise. Vol. 22. No. 1. Fall 2006.

Sacks, Daniel, and Karol Boudreaux. 2008. “Starving for Change.” Mercatus On Policy, No. 30, November 3.

Shaw, Jane. 2004. “Overlooking the Obvious in Africa.” Econ Journal Watch 1 (1): 1-10.

Stossell, John and Gena Binkley. 2007. “Are Americans Cheap? Or Charitable?” ABC 20/20, August 21.

2006-7 Olive W. Garvey Fellowships Winners on “Is foreign aid the solution to global poverty?”

Theroux, Paul. 2013. “Africa’s Aid Mess.” Barron’s (November 30).

Monson, Christian. 2022. “The Myth That the Marshall Plan Rebuilt Germany’s Economy After WWII.” Fee.org (March 19).

The Easterly-Sachs Debate
–Overview
Bate, Roger. 2006. “Planners vs. Searchers.” TCS Daily – TCS Daily, April 28.

Labohm, Hans. 2006. “‘For God’s Sake, Please Just Stop Aid’.” TCS Daily, March 6.

Schiffrin, Anya. 2009. “Moyo Joins the Frey” (Review of Dambisa Moyo’s Dead Aid). The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations. 10 (1): 167-169.

-Easterly
Burnham, James B. 2007. “The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good.” The Independent Review, Volume 11, Number 4, Spring 2007.

Easterly, William. 2008. “Trust the Development Experts – All 7bn of Them.” Financial Times, May 29.

Easterly, William. 2007. “Africa’s Poverty Trap.” The Wall Street Journal, March 23, p. A-11.

Easterly, William. 2006. “The West Can’t Save Africa.” The Washington Post, February 13, p. A-21.

Easterly, William. 2005 “The End Of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time.” The Washington Post, March 13. (Sachs’ reply to Easterly’s criticism can be found here)

-Sachs
Giles, Chris. 2007. “Lunch with the FT: Jeffrey Sachs.” Financial Times, April 6.

Nolen, Stephanie. 2006. “Millennium Man.” The Globe and Mail, March 11.

Rich, Sam. 2007. “Africa’s Village of Dreams.” The Wilson Quarterly, Spring edition.

Cassidy, John. 2005. “Always with us – Jeffrey Sachs’s plan to eradicate world poverty.” The New Yorker, April 11.

Sachs, Jeffrey. 2009. “Aid Ironies.” The Huffington Post, May 24.

Sachs, Jeffrey. 2006. “Foreign Aid Skeptics Thrive on Pessimism.” Los Angeles Times, May 7

Sachs, Jeffrey. 2006. “Foreign Aid is in Everyone’s Interest.” Christian Science Monitor, May 10.

Wanjala, Bernadette. 2016. “Can the Big Push Approach End Rural Poverty in Africa? Insights from Sauri Millennium Village in Kenya.” PhD Thesis, Tilburg University (See also Clemens, Michael. 2011. “Kenyan Economist Offers First Independent Evaluation of Millennium Villages Project.” Centre for Global Development (November 28).

Roberts, Russ. 2014. Econtalk
“Nina Munk on Poverty, Development, and the Idealist” (January 27)
“Jeffrey Sachs on the Millennium Villages Project” (March 17)
“Postmortem on Sachs Episode” (March 21)

-General
Ben-Ami, Daniel. 2005. “Postponing the ‘End of Poverty’” Spiked, May 6.

Cassidy, John. 2005. “Always with us – Jeffrey Sachs’s plan to eradicate world poverty.” The New Yorker, April 11.

Easterly, William R. 2008. “Why Bill Gates Hates My Book.” The Wall Street Journal, February 7.

Erixon, Fredrik. 2005. “Aid and development: Will it work this time?” International Policy Network, June 10.

Kristoff, Nicholas. 2006. “Aid: Can it Work?” The New York Review of Books 53 (15). (Sachs’ comments; Easterly’s comments.)

Loungani, Prakash. 2006. “Review of William Easterly’s The White Me’s Burden (Penguin Press, 2006).” Cato Journal 26 (2): 382-382.

Martinez, Ibsen. 2007. “Reflections from Latin America – Latin America and the Ideology of Development.” The Library of Economics and Liberty, August 6.

Pardo, Pablo. 2005. “Has Foreign Aid ever Lifted a Country out of Poverty?” El Mundo, May 26.

Parker, Star. 2005. “Philanthropy is the best foreign aid.” Naples Daily News, March 15.

Powell, Benjamin. 2005. “Doubling Aid Will Not Help World’s Poor.” Independent Institute, January 31.

Sen, Amartya. 2006. “the full review”>The Man Without a Plan.” Foreign Affairs, March/April.

Tupy, Marian L. 2005. “Poverty That Defies Aid,” Washington Times, June 19.

Copenhagen Consensus
Strassel, Kimberly A. 2006. “Get Your Priorities Right – A Rationalist Crusader Does the Math on Global Warming.” The Wall Street Journal, July 6.

Website of the Copenhagen Consensus

Wikipedia on the Copenhagen Consensus

Odious Debt Perspective
Several short articles on the “odious debt” perspective can be found here.

Microcredit
Boudreaux, Karol, and Tyler Cowen. 2008. “The Micromagic of Microcredit.” Wilson Quarterly, Winter.

Sautet, Frederic. 2008. “The Micromagic of Microcredit.” The Austrian Economists, February 7.

Surowiecki, James. 2008. “What Microloans Miss.” The New Yorker, March 17.

Tucker, Jeffrey. 2006. “Microcredit or Macrowelfare: The Myth of Grameen.” Mises.org, November 8.

Canada and Foreign Aid
“Foreign Aid” in the Canadian Encyclopedia

What do others think?
– IMF and World Bank
Bovard, James. 2009. “McNamara’s Other Debacle.” LewRockwell.com (July 10).

Bate, Roger and Benjamin Schwab. 2004. “McNamara’s Bank.” TCS Daily (July 29).

Karlin, Mark. 2007. “Naomi Klein: Shocking the World Bank and IMF Crowd with her Analysis of ‘Disaster Capitalism.” BuzzFlash (October 16).

Klein, Naomi. 2007. “The World Bank has the Perfect Standard Bearer.” The Guardian (April 27).

– WTO
Rockwell, Lew. 2004. “Cotton Candy.” Mises Institute Daily Commentary (April 29).

Nader, Ralph and Lori Wallach. “GATT, NAFTA, and the Subversion of the Democratic Process: WTO, The Global Enforcer” (excerpted from the book The Case Against the Global Economy edited by Jerry Mander and Edward Goldsmith, Sierra Club Books, 1997).

Griswold, Dan. 2000. “WTO Critics Trade Away Truth for a Sound Bite.” Cato Institute Commentary (January 2).

Lester, Simon. 2014 “The WTO vs. the TPP.” Cato Institute Commentary (May 2).

Globalization and the Environment
Overview
–. 2004. “Improvement of the World Environment: The Skeptical Environmentalist,” Economic Note, January, Institut Économique Molinari.

Cole, Matthew A., Robert J.R. Elliott, and Liyun Zhang. 2017. “Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 42, pp. 465-487.

Cherniwchan, Jevan, Brian R. Copeland, M. Scott Taylor. 2017. “Trade and the Environment: New Methods, Measurements, and Results.” Annual Review of Economics 9, pp. 59-85.

Bretschger, Lucas. 2017. “Is the Environment Compatible with Growth? Adopting an Integrated Framework for Sustainability.” Annual Review of Resource Economics 9, pp. 185-207

Chua, Swee. 1999. “Economic Growth, Liberalization, and the Environment: A Review of the Economic Evidence.” Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 24: 391-430.

Copeland, Brian R. and M. Scott Taylor. 2004. “Trade, Growth, and the Environment.” Journal of Economic Literature 42 (1): 7-72.

Driesen, David. 2003. “Markets are Not Magic.” Environmental Forum, November-December: 19-27.

Gardner, B. Delworth. 2004. “Globalization, Free Trade, and Environmental Quality.” in Terry Anderson (ed). You Have to Admit It’s Getting Better: From Economic Prosperity to Environmental Quality. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press.

Goklany, Indur. 2004. “Economic Growth, Technological Change and Human Well-Being.” In Anderson, Terry (ed.) You Have to Admit It’s Getting Better. Hoover Institution Press, p. 53-81.

Gowdy, John M. 1995. “Trade and Environmental Sustainability: An Evolutionary Perspective.” Review of Social Economy 53 (4): 493-510.

Griswold, Daniel T. 2001. Trade, Labor and the Environment. Trade Policy Analysis No. 15, August 2. Center for Trade Policy Analysis, Cato Institute.

Hayward, Steven F. 2005. “The China Syndrome and the Environmental Kuznets Curve.” Environmental Policy Outlook, December 21.

International Institute for Sustainable Development and United Nations Program for the Environment. 2000. Environment and Trade: A Handbook.

Karp, Larry. 2011. “The Environment and Trade.” Annual Review of Resource Economics 3: 397-417.

Nordstrom, Hakan and Scott Vaughn. 1999. “Special Studies 4: Trade and Environment“, World Trade Organisation.
Oxley Alan. 2005. “Blair’s Global Environment Failures: It’s Not Just Climate Change.” TCS Daily, June 22.

Pearce, David, Neil Adger, David Maddison and Dominic Moran. 1995. “Debt and the Environment.” Scientific American 272 (6): 52-56.

Reed, David. 2002. “Poverty and the Environment: Can Sustainable Development Survive Globalization?” Natural Resources Forums 26: 176-184.

Stroup, Richard. 2003. “Economic Freedom and Environmental Quality.” Paper presented at the Conference “Milton and Rose Friedman’s Liberalism at the Turn of the 21st Century.” Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, October 23-24.

Yandle, Bruce. 2004. “Environmental Turning Points, Institutions, and the Race to the Top,” The Independent Review, Fall.

Forests and Wood Products
“Are Forest Making a Comeback?” Resources, Winter 2007, 8-10.

“Forests Cover 30% of the Total Land Area.” FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).

“Canada’s Wood Product Manufacturing Industry: Industrial Outlook Autumn 2005.” Conference Board of Canada Report. October 2005.

Berg, Peter, and Per-Ove Nordström. 2006. “The China Factor in Fine Paper.” The Mckinsey Quarterly, March.

Carr, David L., Laurel Suter & Alisson Barbieri. 2005. “Population Dynamics and Tropical Deforestation: State of the Debate and Conceptual Challenges.” Population & Environment, Volume 27, Number 1, p. 89-113.

Franklin, Jerry F. & Johnson, K. Norman. “Forests Face New Threat: Global Market Changes.” Issues in Science and Technology, Summer 2004.

Kauppi, Pekka E., Jesse H. Ausubel, Jingyun Fang, Alexander S. Mather, Roger A. Sedjo and Paul E. Waggoner. 2006. “Returning Forests Analyzed with the Forest Identity.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (46): 17574-17579.

Mandel-Campbell, Andrea. 2006. “Clear-Cutting The Lumber Business.” Macleans, January 23.

Parviainen, Liisa. 2006. “UH: End of Deforestation in View? Experts Advance New Way to Size Up Global Forest Resources.” University of Helsinki (University Communications), November 14th.

Petersen, Jim. 2005. “Death of a Sawmill: Environmentalists wreck small businesses – and do ecological damage while they’re at it.” The Wall Street Journal, December 29.

Swift, Allan (Canadian Press). 2005. “Major cuts in forest mills in 2005 should help recovery in 2006, say analysts.” AOL.ca Finance, December 27.

Fundamentals
“Is Globalization Causing a ‘Race To The Bottom’ in Environmental Standards?” Assessing Globalization, Part 4. World Bank, 2000.

Bates, Jenny, and Debra S. Knopman. 2000. “Clean Trade.” Progressive Policy Institute (PPI), June 1st.

Yandle, Bruce, Maya Vijayaraghavan, & Madhusudan Bhattarai. “Environmental Kuznets Curves.” 2002. The Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Primer. PERC RS-02.

“An introduction to trade and environment in the WTO.” World Trade Organization.

Case Study: Forest Cover
Ausubel, Jesse H. “On Sparing Farmland and Spreading Forest.” In Clark, T. and R. Staebler, eds., Forestry at the Great Divide: Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters 2001 Convention, Society of American Foresters, Bethesda MD, 2002, pp. 127-138.

Dyes
On Wikipedia: “Dye,” “Natural Dyes,” “Pigment.”

Pigments: Historical, Chemical, and Artistic Importance of Coloring Agents.

Druding, Susan C. 2002. “Dye History from 2600 BC to the 20th Century.”

nicDhuinnshleibhe, Lady Siobhan. 2000. “A Brief History of Dyestuffs & Dyeing.” Runestone Collegium, 19 February.

The Project Gutenberg eBook, Creative Chemistry, by Edwin E. Slosson (originally published in 1919).

Schwarzc, Joe. 2017. “Carmine Dye and the Cochineal Insect.” McGill Office for Science and Society (February 15).

Travis, Anthony. 2007. “19th C High-Tech.” The Future of Things, November 12.

Travis, Anthony. 2001. “The Color Purplish. Review of Mauve: How One Man Invented a Color that Changed the World.” by Simon Garfield, W.W. Norton, 2000. American Scientist online, July-August 2001.

Fagin, Dan. 2013. “Dye Me a River: How a Revolutionary Textile Coloring Compound Tainted a Waterway. When aniline dye was synthesized from coal tar, few studied what the manufacturing process left behind.” Scientific American (March 22).

Greenfield, Amy Butler. 2017. “The Bug That Had the World Seeing Red. How a Mesoamerican insect created the globe’s most coveted color.” Iris Blog (Getty Museum).

Hicks, Jan. 2017. “William Henry Perkin and the World’s First Synthetic Dye.” Science + Industry Museum.

Science Museum. 2019. “The Colourful Chemistry of Artificial Dyes.”

Scully, Simone. 2021. “The Bug the World Fought Over.” Mental Floss (July 6).

Miller, Greg. 2021. “The alien beauty and creepy fascination of insect art. Through history and across cultures, insects have inspired artists and challenged viewers to shift their perspective.” Knowable Magazine (December 22).

Hagan, Eric and Jennifer Poulin. 2021. “Statistics of the early synthetic dye industry.” Heritage Science 9: article 33.

COVID and the Global Supply Chain
Logistics Insights. 2020. “4 Big Logistics Challenges of COVID-19 – and How to Overcome Them.” (August 18).

IFC. 2020. The Impact of COVID-19 on Logistics. World Bank.

Kamall, Syad. 2020. Freight Expectations. Post-pandemic prospects for global trade. IEA.

Earle, Peter C. 2021. “An Armor Conspired: the Global Shipping Freeze.” American Institute for Economic Research (October 2).

SUGGESTED LINKS

Foreign Aid
The United Nations’ Millenium Project

The Copenhagen Consensus Website and “Global Crises Global Solutions,” a presentation by Bjørn Lomborg, Associate Professor of Statistics, University of Aarhus, and author of The Skeptical Environmentalist.

The Lancet Child Survival Series

Development Research Institute (New York University)

CATDM (Committee for the Abolition of Illegitimate Debt)

Odious Debt
Wikipedia. “Odious Debt”

Investopedia. “Odious Debt”

Kremer, Michael and Seema Jayachandran. 2002. “Odious Debt”. Finance & Development 39 (2)

Howse, Robert. 2007. The Concept of Odious Debt in Public International Law. UNCTAD Discussion Paper No. 185

Nehru, Vikram and Mark Thomas. 2008. The Concept of Odious Debt : Some Considerations. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4676.

The Sachs-Easterly Debate
The Earth Institute at Columbia University and Jeffrey D. Sachs’ book The End of Poverty. Economic Possibilities For Our Time

Economist William Easterly’s Website

Sachs Vs Easterly

An interview with Bill Easterly, Tavis Smiley Show, April 7, 2006.

Munk, Nina. 2007. “Jeffrey Sachs’s $200 Billion Dream.” Vanity Fair, July.

Easterly, William. 2008. “Easterly on Growth, Poverty, and Aid.” Library of Economics and Liberty, February 11.

Various
“World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2007 – Scaling Innovation in Foreign Aid.” (Google Video)

The Independent Institute on Economic History and International Development

Special issues of the Cato Journal
24 (3), Winter 2004, on “Institutions and Development.”
25 (3), Fall 2005, on “Remembering Peter Bauer.”

The Cato Institute’s Simon Project.

Globalization and the Environment
A special issue of Environment and Development Economics, Volume 5, Issue 4, October 2000 on Trade and the Environment (see especially the Policy Forum section).

A special issue of the electronic journal Contributions to Economic Analysis and Policy (vol. 3, issue 2, 2004) on “The Pollution Haven Hypothesis.”

Environmental Sustainability Index prepared in part by Daniel C. Esty of the Yale Center of Environmental Law and Policy.

The Sierra Club on Trade and the Environment

WHO Health and Environment Linkages Initiative

Global Environment Outlook

“Trade and the Environment” on the International Institute for Sustainable Development Website.

Forests and Wood Products
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations’ Forestry Website

NPR: Study: Reforestation Shows Signs of Life, Nov 17 2006 (audio)

The Great Restoration:The Potentials for Forest Protection to 2050

The web page of my JGE 1609 course contains several more references to this topic.